Реферат: Денежное обращение, финансы и кредит

1.Nouiinoue e ooieoeee oeiainia. Iniiau oai?ee oeiainia.

Oeiainu (O) - yoi aeaiaaeiua ioiioaiey, aicieeathuea a i?ioeanna
?ani?aaeaeaiey aaeiaiai iauanoaaiiiai i?iaeoeoa a nayce n oi?ie?iaaieai
aeaiaaeiuo aeioiaeia o noauaeoia oicyenoaiaaiey e ainoaea?noaa e
eniieueciaaieai eo ia ?anoe?aiiia aini?iecaiaenoai, noeioee?iaaiea
?aaioathueo, oaeiaeaoai?aiea nioeeaeueiuo e ae?. iio?aaiinoae iauanoaa.
O ioee/athony io ca? ieaou, ae?. aeioiaeia, e?aaeeoa oai, /oi O- yoi
iayeaeaaeaioiua ioiioaiey, au?aaeatho iaeiinoi?iiiaa aeaeaeaiea
noieiinoe (ca?ieaoa - aeaonoi?iiiaa aeaeaeaiea; e?aaeeo- aica?aoiua
ioiioaiey). Oeiainiaua ?ano?nu i?aaeinoaaeythony aanieaoii e aac
aica?auaiey. N iiiiuueth O oaeiaeaoai?ythony ?acee/iua ainoaea?noaaiiua
e iauanoaaiiua iio?aaiinoe: 1)Ia?aciaaiea; 2)Iaoea; 3)Aiaiiua
iio?aaiinoe; 4)Cao?aou ia nioeeaeueiua oeaee; 5)Oeo/oaiea
aini?iecaiaenoaa eaieoaea; 6)Io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e o.ae.
Oeiainiaua ioiioaiey iiaoo auoue iiaeaeaiu ia o?e noa?u:1)O
i?aaei?eyoee, 2)no?aoiaaiea, 3)ainoaea?noaaiiua O. Ia o?iaia
iee?iyeiiiieee (ia i?aaei?eyoeyo e a aeiiaoieo oicyenoaao) ia?acothony
ia?ae/iua O. Ia?ae/iua O ia o?iaia iae?iyeiiiieee neoaeao aacie
aoi?e/iuo O ainoaea?noaa. Iie ia?acothony a ?acoeueoaoa iineaaeothuaai
?ani?aaeaeaiey (eee ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey) aeioiaeia aeaaiui ia?acii a
aeaea iaeiaia. Iaeiae - iaycaoaeueiua ieaoaaee i?aaei?eyoee ianaeaiey,
eioi?ua ainoaea?noai aceiaao n o/aoii aaee/eiu ia?ae/iuo aeioiaeia.
Ooieoeee O: 1)Nouiinoue O eae iniaie noa?u ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiuo ioiioaiee
i?iyaeyaony i?aaeaea anaai n iiiiuueth ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie ooieoeee.
*a?ac yoo ooieoeeth ?aaeecoaony iauanoaaiiia iacia/aiea O - iaania/aiea
eaaeaeiai noauaeoa oicyenoaiaaiey iaiaoiaeeiuie aio oeiainiauie
?ano?naie. Noauaeoaie i?e oeiainiaii iaoiaea ?ani?aaeaeaiey aunooiatho
th? e oec eeoea: ainoaea?noai, i?aaei?eyoey, a?aaeaeaia. N iiiiuueth
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie ooieoeee nicaeathony athaeaeaoiua ?aca?au, no?aoiaua
e aiaathaeaeaoiua oiiaeu; aeaiiua oiiaeu eniieuecothony aeey ono?aiaiey
i?iii?oeee a yeiiiieea; iaania/eaathony iauaainoaea?noaaiiua
iio?aaiinoe. 2)Eiio?ieueiay ooieoeey. Aeaaiaea?y yoie ooieoeee O
iauanoai ciaao a)eae neeaaeuaathony i?iii?oeee a ?ani?aaeaeaiee
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa; a)ianeieueei naiaa?aiaiii oeiain ?ano?nu iinooiatho
a ?anii?yaeaiea noauaeoia oicyenoaiaaiey, a)ianeieueei yeiiiiii e
yooaeoeaii iie eniieuecothony.

2. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeaiaa a ?uii/iie yeiiiieea.

Aeaiueae (Ae) - yeiiiie/aneay eaoaai?ey, a eioi?ie i?iyaeythony e i?e
o/anoee eioi?ie no?iyony iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey. Ae aunooiatho a
ea/anoaa naiinoiyoaeueiie oi?iu iaiiaie noieiinoe, n?aaenoaa ia?auaiey,
ieaoaaea, iaeiieaiey. Ae aicieeatho i?e ii?aaeaeaiiii oneiaee
i?iecaiaenoaa e yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee e niinianoaotho eo ?acaeoeth.
Iaiin?aaenoaaiiua i?aaeiinueee iiyaeaiey Ae: 1)Ia?aoiae io iaoo?aeueiiai
oicyenoaa e i?iecaiaenoao oiaa?ia e iaiaio oiaa?aie; 2)Eiouanoaaiiia
iainiaeaiea i?iecaiaeeoaeae oiaa?ia. A ia/aeueiue ia?eiae nouanoaiaaiey
/aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa ainiiaenoaiaaei iaoo?aeueiia oicyenoai, a eioi?ii
i?iecaiaeeeanue i?iaeoeoeey aeey nianoaaiiiai iio?aaeaiey. Iinoaiaiii
i?ienoiaeeea niaoeeaeecaoeey ethaeae i?e ecaioiaeaiee ii?aaeaeaiiuo
aeaeia i?iaeoeoeee. I?e yoii ecauoie i?iaeoeoeee ieacaeinue aiciiaeiui
eniieueciaaoue aeey iaiaia ia ae?oaoth i?iaeoeoeeth, iaiaoiaeeioth
aeaiiiio i?iecaiaeeoaeth. I?yiie iaiai oiaa?a ia oiaa? eiaao iaoe?iua
ia?aie/aiey: 1)Iaiai ia?aie/ai e?oaii eeoe, eioi?ui iiaeii nauoue oiaa?;
2)O?ainii?oiua ecaea?aeee; 3)Niiniaiinoue e nauoo o ?acee/iuo oiaa?ia
?acee/ia; 4)Ia?aie/aiey ii a?aiaie (aeey nei?iii?oyueony i?iaeoeoia;
5)?acee/iay aeaeeiinoue oiaa?ia. Yeiiiie/aneee eioa?an ioaeaeueiuo
eiaeeaeaeia i?eaiaeeo e iiyaeaieth oiaa?a, yaeythuaainy anaiauei
yeaeaaeaioii. Aeaaiaea?y iiyaeaieth Ae iiyaeeanue aiciiaeiinoue
?acaeaeeoue aaeeiia?aiaiiue i?ioeann iaiaia oiaa?aie O-O ia aeaa
?aciia?aiaiii inouanoaeyaiuo i?ioeanna: 1)I?iaeaaea naiaai oiaa?a O-Ae;
2)I?eia?aoaiea ae?oaiai oiaa?a a ae?oaia a?aiy e a ae?oaii ianoa Ae-O.
I?eiaiaiea Ae oaea ia naiaeeony e o/anoeth a ea/anoaa iin?aaeieea a
i?ioeannao iaiaia oiaa?ia. Ooieoeeiie?iaaiea Ae i?eia?aoaao
naiinoiyoaeueiue i?ioeann. Ooieoeee Ae: 1)Ia?a noieiinoe (ioeaiea
noieiinoe oiaa?ia iooai onoaiiaeaiey oeai; 2)N?aaenoai ia?auaiey (Ae
eniieuecothony aeey iieaou oiaa?ia ); 3)N?aaenoai ieaoaaea (i?e
i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia a e?aaeeo); 4)N?aaenoai iaeiieaiey (Ae, inoaaoeany
iinea i?iaeaaee oiaa?ia e ia o/anoaothuea a iai?ioa).

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Iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeaiaa aucaaia oiaa?iui i?iecaiaenoaii.

Oiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai i?aaeiieaaaao ?anniio?aiea iaueo i?e/ei,
iauyniythueo iaiaoiaeeiinoue oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa e, neaaeiaaoaeueii,
iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeaiaa ai anao yeiiiie/aneeo oi?iaoeeyo.

Iauay i?e/eia aicieeiiaaiey aeaiaa iauanoaaiiia ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea.
Oiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai aiciiaeii aac aeaiaa, ii aeaiueae ia iiaoo
nouanoaiaaoue aac oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa.

*anoiua i?e/eiu iauyniytho iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeaiaa a eiie?aoiie
iauanoaaiii-yeiiiie/aneie oi?iaoeee. Iauea e /anoiua i?e/eiu ia
eneeth/atho, a aeiiieiytho ae?oa ae?oaa. *anoiua i?e/eiu:

1.Iaiin?aaenoaaiiue o?oae eaaeaeiai i?iecaiaeeoaey yaeyaony /anoiui
o?oaeii. Iauanoaaiiia i?eciaiea o?oaea aiciiaeii oieueei /a?ac iaiai,
oaeei ia?acii iauanoaaiiue oa?aeoa? o?oaea ne?uo, o. a. aeaiueae
iaiaoiaeeiu aeey niecia?aiey cao?ao ia nicaeaiea i?iaeoeoa.

2. Iaiaeii?iaeiinoue o?oaea, iaoneaaeeaathuay ?ani?aaeaeaiea
iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa a caaeneiinoe io cao?ao /aeiaaea.

3.O?iaaiue ?acaeoey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee i?aaeii?aaeaeyao
?ani?aaeaeaiea iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa ii cao?aoai yia?aee.

4.O?oae ia noae ia?aie aeeciaiiie iaiaoiaeeiinoueth eaaeaeiai /eaia
iauanoaa, neaaeiaaoaeueii o?aaoaony noeioee?iaaiea cao?ao o?oaea.
Iaeaieaa aeaenoaaiiue iaoiae iaoa?eaeueiia noeioee?iaaiea.

5.Iaee/ea ?aciuo oi?i nianoaaiiinoe ia n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa e
i?iaeoeou o?oaea.

6.Ianiciaoaeueiia ioiioaiea iaeioi?uo /eaiia iauanoaa e iio?aaeaieth
iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa.

7.Iaee/ea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea, iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo naycae, o?aaothuea yeaeaaeaioiiai iaiaia i?iaeoeoaie
o?oaea iaaeaeo no?aiaie.





























3.Oeiainiaay nenoaia e aa caaiuey. Oeiainiaue eiio?ieue.

Oeiainu (O) - yoi aeaiaaeiua ioiioaiey, aicieeathuea a i?ioeanna
?ani?aaeaeaiey aaeiaiai iauanoaaiiiai i?iaeoeoa a nayce n oi?ie?iaaieai
aeaiaaeiuo aeioiaeia o noauaeoia oicyenoaiaaiey e ainoaea?noaa e
eniieueciaaieai eo ia ?anoe?aiiia aini?iecaiaenoai, noeioee?iaaiea
?aaioathueo, oaeiaeaoai?aiea nioeeaeueiuo e ae?. iio?aaiinoae iauanoaa.
N iiiiuueth O oaeiaeaoai?ythony ?acee/iua ainoaea?noaaiiua e
iauanoaaiiua iio?aaiinoe: ia?aciaaiea; iaoea; iai?iia; cao?aou ia
nioeeaeueiua oeaee; oeo/oaiea aini?iecaiaenoaa eaieoaea e o.ae.

Oeiainiaua ioiioaiey iiaoo auoue iiaeaeaiu ia o?e noa?u: 1)O
i?aaei?eyoee, 2)no?aoiaaiea, 3)ainoaea?noaaiiua O. Aioo?e eaaeaeie ec
noa? auaeaeythony caaiuey. A noa?a O i?aaei?eyoee iiaeii auaeaeeoue
neaaeothuea caaiuey: a)O i?aaei?eyoee, ooieoeeiie?othueo ia eiiia?/aneeo
ia/aeao, a)O o/?aaeaeaiee e i?aaiecaoeee, inouanoaeythueo
iaeiiia?/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, a)O iauanoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee. A
no?aoiaie noa?a a ea/anoaa caaiueaa aunooiatho: a)nioeeaeueiia
no?aoiaaiea, a)eiouanoaaiiia no?aoiaaiea, a)ee/iia no?aoiaaiea,
a)no?aoiaaiea ?eneia. Caaiuey noa?u ainoaea?noaaiiuo O: a)ain athaeaeao,
a)aiaathaeaeaoiua oiiaeu, a)ain e?aaeeo. Noa?u e caaiuey oeiainiauo
ioiioaiee acaeiinaycaiu e ia?acotho oeiainiaoth nenoaio. Eaaeaeia caaii
oei nenoaiu iiae?acaeaeyaony ia iiaecaaiuey a niioaaonoaee n aioo?aiiae
no?oeoo?ie. Oae, a ninoaaa O i?aaei?eyoee, aeaenoaothueo ia eiiia?/
iniiaa a caaeneiinoe: 1)Io io?aneaaie iai?aaeaiiinoe iiaoo auoue
au/eaiaiu O i?iiuoeaiiuo, naeueneioic , oi?aiauo, o?ainii?oiuo
i?aaei?eyoee; 2)Io oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe: O ain, /anoiuo, aeoeeiia?iuo
i?aaei?eyoee, e o.ae. A noa?a no?aoiauo ioiioaiee eaaeaeia ec caaiueaa
aeaeeony aeaeaa a caaeneiinoe io aeaea no?aoiaaiey. A ninoaaa
ainoaea?noaaiiuo O aeaeaiea aioo?e caaiueaa inouanoaeyaony a
niioaaonoaee n o?iaiai ain oi?aaeaiey: oaaea?aeueiue, noauaeoia
oaaea?aoeee, ianoiue.

Oeiainai i?enoue aeaa ooieoeee: 1)?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay - iaania/aiea
eaaeaeiai noauaeoa oicyenoaiaaiey iaiaoiaeeiuie aio oeiainiauie
?ano?naie. 2)Eiio?ieueiay ooieoeey. Aeaaiaea?y yoie ooieoeee O iauanoai
ciaao a)eae neeaaeuaathony i?iii?oeee a ?ani?aaeaeaiee aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa; a)ianeieueei naiaa?aiaiii oeiain ?ano?nu iinooiatho a
?anii?yaeaiea noauaeoia oicyenoaiaaiey, a)ianeieueei yeiiiiii e
yooaeoeaii iie eniieuecothony. Oei eiio?ieue yaeyaony oi?iie
eiio?ieueiie ooieoeee O. Oei eiio?ieue- yoi niaieoiiinoue aeaenoaee e
iia?aoeee ii i?iaa?ea oei aeayoaeueiinoe noauaeoia oicyenoaiaaiey e
oi?aaeaiey. A caaeneiinoe io noauaeoia, inouanoaeythueo eiio?ieue,
?acee/atho: ainoaea?noaaiiue, aioo?eoicyenoaaiiue, iauanoaaiiue e
iacaaeneiue(aoaeeoi?neee) eiio?ieue. Ain eiio?ieue ?aaeecoaony /a?ac
iauaainoaea?noaaiiue e aaaeiinoaaiiue. Iauaainoaea?noaaiiue
inouanoaeytho i?aaiu ain aeanoe eo oi?aaeaiey. Aaaeiinoaaiiue i?iaiaeyo
eiio?ieueii-?aaeceiiiua ioaeaeu ieienoa?noa, eiioea?iia e o.ae.
Aioo?eoicyenoaaiiue oei eiio?ieue inouanoaeyaony yeiiiie/aneeie
neoaeaaie i?aaei?eyoee. Iacaaeneiue eiio?ieue inouanoaeytho aoaeeoi?neea
oe?iu. Noauaeoaie oei eiio?iey yaeythony i?aaiu e i?aaiecaoeee,
iaaeaeaiiua eiio?ieueiuie ooieoeeyie. I?e caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo i?aaiao
nicaeathony eiio?ieueiua iaeaou. A ninoaaa ieienoa?noaa oeiainia
ooieoeeiie?otho eiio?ieueii-?aaeceiiiua oi?aaeaiey. Aineiiennee,
ieienoa?noaa e aaaeiinoaa i?iaiaeyo eiio?ieue ?aaeci?neei aiia?aoii.
I?aaiu iia?aoeaiiai oei eiio?iey- iaeiaiaua einiaeoeee. Aoaeeoi?neea
oe?iu inouanoaeytho aoaeeoi?neee eiio?ieue.

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4.Aeaiaaeiue iai?io e aai no?oeoo?a.

Aeaiaaeiue iai?io (AeI) i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?ioeann iai?a?uaiiai
aeaeaeaiey aeaiaaeiuo ciaeia a iaee/iie e aaciaee/iie oi?iao. Ia?auaiea
aeaiaaeiuo ciaeia i?aaeiieaaaao eo iinoiyiiue ia?aoiae io iaeieo
th?eaee/aneeo eeoe e ae?oaei. Iai?eia?, aaie auaeaao aeaiueae (Ae)
i?aaei?eyoeth, ec eannu aaiea Ae iinooiatho ?aaioieeai, eioi?ua
iieoiatho oiaa?u ia ?uiea. I?iaeaaoeu oiaa?ia ia yoe Ae iieoiatho oiaa?u
a iaaaceiao. Iaaacei naeaao au?o/eo a aaie, e o.ae. Aeaiueae,
iaoiaeyueany a iai?ioa, auiieiytho o?e ooieoeee: 1)N?aaenoai ia?auaiey
(Ae eniieuecothony aeey iieaou oiaa?ia ); 2)N?aaenoai ieaoaaea (i?e
i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia a e?aaeeo); 3)N?aaenoai iaeiieaiey (Ae, inoaaoeany
iinea i?iaeaaee oiaa?ia e ia o/anoaothuea a iai?ioa). Ooieoeeth ia?u
noieiinoe aeaiueae, iaoiaeyueany a AeI, ia auiieiytho. Yoo ooieoeeth Ae
auiieieee aei aoiaeaeaiey a AeI, onoaiiaea oeaiu ia oiaa?u. AeI
neeaaeuaaaony ec ioaeaeueiuo eaiaeia aeaeaeaiey Ae iaaeaeo: 1)Oeaio?
aaieii e eiiia?/ aaieaie; 2)Eiiia?/ aaieaie; 3)I?aaei?eyoeyie e
i?aaiecaoeeyie; 4)Aaieaie e i?aaei?eyoeyie e i?aaiecaoeeyie; 5)Aaieaie e
ianaeaieai; 6)I?aaei?eyoeyie e ianaeaieai; 7)Oece/aneeie eeoeaie.
No?oeoo?o AeI iiaeii ii?aaeaeyoue ii ?aciui i?eciaeai. 1)Eeanneoeeaoeey
AeI a caaeneiinoe io oi?iu aeaiaa: aaciaee/iue e iaee/iue AeI. 2)
Eeanneoeeaoeey AeI a caaeneiinoe io yeiiiie/aneiai niaea?aeaiey
ioaeaeueiuo aai /anoae: a)aeaiaaeii-?an/aoiue iai?io (?an/aoiua
ioiioaiey ca oiaa?u e oneoae), a)aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiue iai?io (e?aaeeoiua
ioiioaiey), a) aeaiaaeii-oeiainiaue iai?io(oeiainiaua ioiioaiey).
3)Eeanneoeeaoeey AeI a caaeneiinoe io noauaeoia, iaaeaeo eioi?uie
aeaeaathony aeaiueae: a)iai?io iaaeaeo aaieaie (iaaeaaieianeee);
a)iai?io iaaeaeo aaieaie e th? e oec eeoeaie (aaieianeee); a)iai?io
iaaeaeo th? eeoeaie; a)iai?io iaaeaeo th? e oec eeoeaie; ae)iai?io
iaaeaeo oec eeoeaie.

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5.Oeiainiaay iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa e aa ?ieue a ?aaoee?iaaiee yeiiiieee.

Niaieoiiinoue ain. ia?ii?eyoee ii eniieueciaaieth oeiainiauo ioiioaiee
aeey auiieiaiey ainoaea?noaii naieo ooieoeee i?aaenoaaeyao oeiainiaoth
iieeoeeo.

Niaea?aeaiea oei. iieeoeee:

1. ?ac?aaioea iauae eiioeaioeee O.I., ii?aaeaeaiea aa iniiaiuo
iai?aaeaiee, oeaeae, aeaaiuo caaea/.

2. nicaeaiea aaeaeaaoiiai oeiainiaiai iaoaiecia.

3. oi?aaeaiea oeiainiaie aeayoaeueiinoueth ain-aa.

Caaea/e O.I.

1. iaania/aiea oneiaee aeey oi?ie?iaaiey iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiuo
oeiainiauo ?ano?nia

2. onoaiiaeaiea ?aoeeiiaeueiiai noi/ee c?aiey ain-aa ?ani?aaeaeaiey e
eniieueciaaiey oei. ?ano?nia.

3. i?aaiecaoeey noeioee?iaaiey e ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiie/aneeo e
nioeeaeueiuo i?ioeannia oeiainiauie iaoiaeaie

4. au?aaioea oei. iao-ia e aai ?acaeoea a niioaaonoaee n eciaiythueieny
oeaeyie e caaea/aie no?aoaaee.

5. nicaeaiea yooaeoeaiie e iaeneiaeueii aeaeiaie nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey
oeiainaie. Oeiainiaay iieeoeea yaeyaony /anoueth yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee
ain-aa. A iae eiie?aoece?othony aeaaiua iai?aaeaiey ?acaeoey ia?iaeiiai
oic-aa, ii?aaeaeyaony iauee iauai oeiainiauo ?ano?nia, eo enoi/ieeee
iai?aaeaiey eniieueciaaiey, ?ac?aaaouaaaony iaoaieci ?aaoee?iaaiey e
noeioee?iaaiey oeiainiauie iaoiaeaie nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo
i?ioeannia.

Oeiu oeiainiaie iieeoeee

· eeanne/aneay (iniiaaia ia o?oaeao A.Nieoa e Ae.?eea?aei.
Iniiaiia-iaaiaoaoaeuenoai ain-aa a yeiiiieeo, nio?aiaiea naiaiaeiie
eiieo?aioeee, eniieueciaaiea ?uii/iiai iao-ia eae aeaaiiai ?aaoeyoi?a
oicyenoaaiiuo i?ioeannia. Ain-ai no?aieeinue e oiaiueoaieth ?anoiaeia
athaeaeaoa. Nenoaia oi?aaeaiey oei. aeayoaeueaiinoueth auea i?inoa e
naiaeeeanue e oi?aaeaieth ieienoa?noaii oeiainia). Aei eiioea 20-o
aiaeia iaoaai noieaoey.

· ?aaoee?othuay (a iniiaa oai?ey Aeae. Eaeina. Ii enoiaeee ec
iaiaoiaeeiinoe aiaoaoaeuenoaa e ?aaoee?iaaiey ainoaea?noaii
oeeeee/aneiai ?acaeoey yeiiiieee. Eino?oiaiou ?aaoee?iaaiey:
ainoaea?noaaiiua ?anoiaeu, ca n/ao eioi?uo oi?ie?oaony aeii. Ni?in. E ,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaania/eaaaony ?ino i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, oaaee/aiea iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea e niinianoaoao
nicaeaieth aeiiieieoaeueiuo ?aai/eo iano. Iniiaiie iaoaieci
?aaoee?iaaiey- iiaeioiaeiue iaeia. Nenoaia ain-ai e?aaeeoa, ia iniiaa
eioi?iai i?iaiaeeony iieeoeea aeaoeoeeoiiai oeiaine?iaaiey. Eciaiyaony
nenoaia oi?aaeaiey oeiainaie. Auaeaeythony ioaeaeueiua neoaeau,
caieiathueany ieaie?iaaieai athaeaeaoa e athaeaeaoiuo ?anoiaeia, eo
oeiaine?iaaieai, eiio?ieai ca iinooieaieai iaeiaia, oi?aaeaieai ain.
aeieaii. Yoi a 30-o-60-o aiaeao. iaieiina?aaoeaiay iieeoeea (ia
ioeacuaaeenue io ?aaoee?iaaiey, ii ia?aie/eaaeinue aiaoaoaeuenoai ain-aa
a 70o aiaeao.

· Ieaiiai-aee?aeoeaiay iieeoeea.(iaania/aiea iaeneiaeueiie
eiioeaio?aoeee oei. ?ano?nia a ?oeao ain-aa aeey eo iineaaeothuaai
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey a niioaaonoaee n iniiaiuie iai?aaeaieyie ain. ieaia.

6. Aaciaee/iue aeaiaaeiue iai?io e nenoaia aaciaee/iuo ?an/aoia.

2.Iiiyoea aaciaee/iiai aeaiaaeiiai iai?ioa. Oaeoi?u, ii?aaeaeythuea
eciaiaiea aai iauaia e no?oeoo?u.

?acee/atho 2 noa?u aeaiaaeiiai iai?ioa:

iaee/ii-aeaiaaeiue iai?io: 8-12% aeaiaaeiiai iai?ioa

aaciaee/ii-aeaiaaeiue: 88-92%.

Aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeaeaeaiea oieueei iaee/iuo
aeai. ciaeia. Aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea /anoue niaieoiiiai aeaiaaeiiai
iai?ioa.

Iaee/ii-aeaiaaeiue iai?io inouanoaeyaony ai acaeiiioiioaieyo ain-aa n
ianaeaieai, iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie a?aaeaeaiaie iauanoaa, a?oiiaie
ianaeaiey, iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie e i?aaiecaoeeyie.

Aaciaee/ii-aeaiaaeiue iai?io. Aai i?aeiouanoaaiiia ?acaeoea iauyniyaony
iauaeoeaiuie i?e/eiaie e niciaoaeueii i?iaiaeeiuie ain-aii
ia?ii?eyoeyie, oeaeue eioi?uo nicaeaiea ?aoeeiiaeueiie nenoaiu aeai.
?an/aoia e yeiiiiey iauanoaaiiuo ecaea?aeae ia?auaiey.



Aaciaee/iia ia?auaiea -yoi aeaeaeaiea noieiinoe aac o/anoey iaee/iuo
aeaiaa: ia?a/eneaiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ii n/aoai e?aaeeoiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee, ca/ao acaeiiuo o?aaiaaiee. Inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth
/aeia, e?aaeeoiuo ea?oi/ae, aaenaeae e ae?.

I?iecaiaeyony ?an/aou iaaeaeo: i?aaei?eyoeyie, o/?aaeaeaieyie,
i?aaiecaoeeyie ?aciuo oi?i nianoaaiiinoe, eiathueie n/aoa a e?aaeeoiuo
o/?aaeaeaieyo; th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie e e?aaeeoiuie o/?aaeaeaieyie ii
iieo/aieth e aica?aoo e?aaeeoia; th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie e ianaeaieai ii
auieaoa c.ieaou , aeioiaeia ii oeaiiui aoiaaai; oece/aneeie e th?.
Eeoeaie n eaciie ain-aa ii iieaoa iaeiaia , nai?ia.

?acee/atho aeaa a?oiiu aaciaee/iiai ia?auaiey: ii oiaa?iui iia?aoeeyi e
oeiainiaui iaycaoaeuenoaai. E ia?aie a?oiia ioiinyony aaciaee/iua
?an/aou ca oiaa?u e oneoae , ei aoi?ie- ieaoaaee a athaeaeao.(iaeia ia
i?eaueue, IAeN, e ae?. Ieaoaaee, iiaaoaiea aaieianeeo nnoae, oieaoa
i?ioeaioia ca e?aaeeo, ?an/aou ni no?aoiauie eiiiaieyie. Iaaeaeo
iaee/ii-aeaiaaeiui e aaciaee/iui ia?auaieai nouanoaoao naycue e
acaeiicaaeneiinoue; aeaiueae iinoiyiii ia?aoiaeyo ec iaeiie noa?u
ia?auaiey a ae?oaoth, iaee/iua aeaiueae iaiytho oi?io ia n/aoa a
e?aaeeoiii o/?aaeaeaiee e ia?aoii. Aaciaee/iue iai?io aicieeaao i?e
aianaiee iaee/iuo aeaiaa ia n/ao a e?aaeeoiii o/?aaeaeaiee,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, aaciaee/iia ia?auaiea iaiuneeii i?e ionoonoaee
iaee/iiai. Iaeiia?aiaiii iaee/iua aeaiueae iiyaeythony o eeeaioa i?e
niyoee eo ni n/aoa a e?aaeeoiii o/?aaeaeaiee. Oaeei ia?acii, iaee/iia e
aaciaee/iia ia?auaiea ia?acoao iauee aeaiaaeiue iai?io no?aiu, a eioi?ii
aeaenoaotho aaeeiua aeaiueae iaeiiai iaeiaiiaaiey.

A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo ?aeii-ny neaaeothuea oi?iu aaciaee/iuo ?an/aoia:

ieaoaaeiuie ii?o/aieyie, /aeaie, aee?aaeeoeaaie, ieaoaaeiuie
ii?o/aieyie- o?aaiaaieyie, ieaoaaeiuie o?aaiaaieyie.

?an/aou ieanoeeiauie ea?oi/eaie.























7. No?oeoo?a e o/anoieee oeiainiaiai ?uiea. Oeiainiaua oiiaeu.

Iineieueeo aieueoeinoai naa?aaeaiee niaa?oaaony naiaeiuie oicyenoaaie, a
aieueoeinoai eiaanoeoeee inouanoaeyaony oe?iaie, oi iaiaoiaeei iaeee
iaai? iaoaieciia, inouanoaeythuee ia?aiauaiea iioieia aeaiaaeiuo oiiaeia
io ia?auo ei aoi?ui . Eiaiii yoe iaoaieciu nicaeathony aeaaiaea?y
ooieoeeiie?iaaieth oeiainiauo ?uieia . Oeiainiaua ?uiee ninoiyo ec
iiiaeanoaa eaiaeia , ii eioi?ui aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa ia?aoaeatho io
nianoaaiieea e caaiueeo. Iiaeii auaeaeeoue aeaa a?oiiu i?yiiai
oeiaine?iaaiey:

1. Eaieoaeueiia oeiaine?iaaiea-niaeaoaiea, ii eioi?iio oe?ia iieo/aao
aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa aeey inouanoaeaiey eiaanoeoeee a iaiai ia
i?aaeinoaaeaiea i?aaa o/anoey a nianoaaiiinoe ia yoo oe?io.

2. Oeiaine?iaaiea iooai iieo/aiey caeiia.-ethaia niaeaoaiea, ii
eioi?iio oe?ia iieo/aao aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa aeey inouanoaeaiea
eiaanoeoeee a iaiai ia iaycaoaeuenoaa auieaoeoue yoe n?aaenoaa
aaoaeothuai n iaiai?aiiui i?ioeaioii, i?e/ai i?aaa ia aeieth
nianoaaiiinoe e?aaeeoi? ia iieo/aao. I?eia?- i?iaeaaea iaeeaaoeee.

Aoi?ay a?oiia eaiaeia oeiainiaiai ?uiea- eaiaeu einaaiiiai
oeiaine?iaaiey. I?e einaaiiii oeiaine?iaaiee n?aaenoaa, ia?aiauathueany
io naiaeiuo oicyenoa, ii iai?aaeaieth e oe?iai, i?ioiaeyo /a?ac iniaua
einoeooou( aaiee, acaeiiua oiiaeu, no?aoiaua eiiiaiee- oeiainiauo
iin?aaeieeia).

8.?ieue aeaiaa a iiaeaea?aeaiee iauayeiiiie/aneiai ?aaiiaaney.

Aeey aiaeeca eciaiaiee aeaeaeaiey aeaiaa ia ii?aaeaeaiioth aeaoo e ca
ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?eiae a oeiainiaie noaoenoeea eniieuecothony aeaiaaeiua
aa?aaaou I0, I1, I2, I3, I4. (a ?innee I1-I3).

I0-iaee/iua aeaiueae a ia?auaiee, I1-yoi I0+n?aaenoaa i?aaei?eyoee ia
?an/aoiuo, oaeoueo, niaoeeaeueiuo n/aoao a aaieao , aeaiiceou ianaeaiey
a naa?aaaoaeueiuo aaieao aei aino?aaiaaiey, n?aaenoaa no?aoiauo
eiiiaiee; I2-I1+n?i/iua aeaiiceou ianaeaiey a naa?aaaoaeueiuo aaieao, a
oii /enea eiiiainaoeey.

I3-yoi I2+na?oeoeeaou, iaeeaaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai caeia.

Iaaeaeo aa?aaaoaie iaiaoiaeeii ?aaiiaanea, a i?ioeaiii neo/aa ia?ooaaony
aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea. Ec i?aeoeee ?aaiiaanea ianooiaao i?e I2 aieueoa
I1, iii oe?aieyaony i?e I2+I3 aieueoa I1. A y

oii neo/aa aeaiaaeiue eaieoae ia?aoiaeeo ec iaee/iiai iai?ioa a
aaciaee/iue.





























































































































9. Ainoaea?noaaiiua oeiainu. No?oeoo?a athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu ?innee.

Ainoaea?noaaiiua oeiainu (aeaoeaio?aeeciaaiiua, o.a. ana noauaeoa
oicyenoaa)iaeia ec noa? oeiainiaie nenoaiu. A noa?a ainoaea?noaaiiuo
oeiainia a ea/anoaa caaiueaa auaeaeythony: 1. AINATHAeAEAO; 2.
AIAATHAeAEAOIUA OIIAeU; 3. AIN.E?AAeEO.

1. Ain. athaeaeao io?aaeaao aeaiaaeiua ioiioaiey, eioi?ua neeaaeuaathony
o ainoaea?noaa n th?. eeoeaie e ianaeaieai e caeeth/athony a
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiee iaoe. aeioiaea a nayce n ia?aciaaieai e
eniieueciaaieai n?aaenoa aeey oeiaine?iaaiey oicyenoaa, inouanoaeaiey
nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee, ?acaeoey iaoee, eoeueoo?u, ia?aciaaiey,
iaania/aiey iai?iiu no?aiu e oi?aaeaiey iauanoaii. ATHAeAEAOIUA
IOIIOAIEss- yoi oeiainiaua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie,
o/?aaeaeaieyie e ianaeaieai n ainoaea?noaii. Ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea
nicaeaiiuo a iauanoaa oeiainiauo ?ano?nia i?e iiiiue athaeaeaoa
i?ienoiaeeo ia iniiaa eniieueciaaiey AeIOIAeIA e ?ANOIAeIA. AeIOIAeU-
iaeiae e nai?u- 81 %,iaiaeiaiaua aeioiaeu-aeioiaeu oeaeaauo athaeaeaoiuo
oiiaeia 9%,aeioiaeu io oaaea?aeueiiai eiouanoaa, io i?eaaoecaoeee, io
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe-10%- iai?aaeaiiua ia oi?ie?iaaiea
athaeaeaoiiai oiiaea ain-aa.

?ANOIAeU- n o/aoii iauanoaaiiiai iacia/aiey ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoiua
n?aaenoaa iiaoo auaeaeyoueny: - ia ioaeaeu anaai oicyenoaa 25%(aaaeiua
i?ei?eoaoiua i?ia?aiiu);- ia nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iua ia?ii?eyoey 22%;-
ia iai?iio 18,4%; - ia oi?aaeaiea 23 %; - i?i/ea ?anoiaeu i?eia?ii 12%.

2.Aoi?ia caaii- AIAATHAeAEAOIUA OIIAeU (AO)-yoi iniaay oi?ia
eniieueciaaiey oeiainiauo ?ano?nia, i?eaeaeaaiuo aeey oeiaine?iaaiey
?acee/iuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia, iiieii athaeaeaoa . AO. a
caaeneiinoe io oeaeaaiai iacia/aiey aeaeyony ia YEIIIIE*ANEEA e
NIOeEAEUeIUA, a n o/aoii o?iaiy oi?aaeaiey ia AINOAeA?NOAAIIUA e
?AAEIIAEUeIUA. A 1993 a. ian/eouaaeinue aieaa 20 AO. Iniiaiuie AO
yaeythony:

1).O. AIN-AI NO?AOIAAIEss (nicaeaao aeaiaaeiua ?ano?nu aeey auieaou
iiniaee);

2). IAINEIIIUE O.(oeaeaaie nai? n?aaenoa aeey auieaou iainee- 1% io ca?.
ieaou);

3).AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE O. CAIssOINOE IANAEAIEss (aeeoioee?oao n?aaenoaa
aeey iiaeaea?aeee iao?oaeiniiniaiiai ianaeaiey, 2% io ca?. ieaou);

4). O.CAe?AAIIO?AIAIEss;

5).AeI?IAEIUA O. E i?i/ea A.O.

3. AIN. E?AAeEO - iniaay oi?ia e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
ainoaea?noaii e th?. e oec. eeoeaie, i?e eioi?uo ain-ai aunooiaao
aeaaiui ia?acii caaiueeii n?aaenoa, a oaeaea eae e?aaeeoi? e aa?aio.
Aeey iie?uoey athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa eniieuecotho ain-iua
e?aoein?i/iua iaeeaaoeee ni n?ieii ia?auaiey 3 ian. e cieioua
na?oeoeeaou IO ni n?ieii ia?. 1 aiae. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aioo?aiiee ain.
aeiea ?INNEE ninoieo ec ain-uo oe/a, auiouaiiuo

IO ?O io eiaie I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?innee, a oaeaea a aeaea e?aaeeoiuo
niaeaoaiee n OeA ?innee(caeinoaiaaiey n?i/iua e iioii auiea/eaathony %).

Eae aa?aio ain-ai aa?aioe?oao aeeaaeu ianaeaiey a NAA?AAIEa ,aunooiaao
aa?aioii ii aeieaiaui iaycaoaeuenoaai ?acee/iuo iauanoa e a?oii,
iiaeaea?aeeaaao iaeia i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai. Eae e?aaeeoi?
i?aaeinoaaeyao AIOO?AIIEA NNOAeU i?aaei?eyoeyi e i?aaiecaoeeyi e AIAOIEA
NNOAeU eiino?aiiui ainoaea?noaai.

II.A niioaaonoaee n Cae. ?NON? "IA iniiaao athaeaeaoiiai ono?ienoaa e
athaeaeaoiiai i?ioeanna a ?NON?" io 10.10.91 e iinoaiiaeaiee
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O ainoaea?noaaiiay athaeaeaoiay nenoaia ?innee aeeth/aao
3 caaia: 1. ?ANIOAEEEAINEEE A. ?O eee OAAeA?AEUeIUE; 2. ATHAeAEAOU
iaoeeiiaeueii-ain-iuo e aaeieieno?aoeaii oa??eoi?eaeueiuo ia?aciaaiee, e
eioi?ui ioiinyony ?anioaeeeaineea athaeaeaou ?anioaeee a ninoaaa ?O,
e?aaaua, iaeanoiua, a. aaoiiiiee, aaoiiiiiuo ie?oaia e ai?iaeneea a.
Iineau e Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa. Yoi athaeaeaou noauaeoia oaaea?aoeee; 3.
IANOIUA ATHAeAEAOU. Any athaeaeaoiay nenoaia ?innee iino?iaia n o/aoii
i?eioeeia aaeeinoaa e i?eioeeia naiinoiyoaeueiinoe athaeaeaoia anao
o?iaiae. I?EIOeEI AAeEINOAA - aaeeiua i?aaiaua i?aaeea, athaeaeaoiua
neiaieeee, ninoaaeaiey noaoenoe/aneie e aooaaeoa?neie io/aoiinoe.

I.NAIINOIssOAEUeIINOE - ana o?iaie aaeeiie athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu
iaania/eaathony nianoaaiiuie enoi/ieeaie a aeaea aeioiaeia e i?aaii
eniieueciaaoue yoe aeioiaeu aeey inouanoaeaiey oeiaine?iaaiey n o/aoii
ioaeae eaaeaeiai ec noauaeoia ?O.

10. Aeaiaaeiua ?aoi?iu.

Aeaiaaeiay ?aoi?ia - iieiia eee /anoe/iia i?aia?aciaaiea aeaiaaeiie
nenoaiu, i?iaiaeeiia ainoaea?noaii n oeaeueth oii?yaei/aiey e oe?aieaiey
aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey. Aeaiaaeiay ?aoi?ia inouanoaeyaony ?acee/iuie
IAOIAeAIE (ioeeoeeaoeey, ?anoaa?aoeey, aeaaaeueaaoeey, aeaiiieiaoeey) a
caaeneiinoe io yeiiiie/aneiai iieiaeaiey no?aiu, noaiaie iaanoeaiaiey
aeaiaa, iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa.

Aeaoeyoeey-ecuyoea ec ia?auaiey eceeoieo aeaiaa. Ioeeoeeaoeey - ecuiaiea
noa?uo aeaiaa ec ia?auaiey. Aeaiiieiaoeey - eciaiaiea ianooaaa oeai a
ii?aaeaeaiiii niioiioaiee.

61a. - 1/10, 98a. - 1/1000. A oaeii aea niioiioaiee eciaiythony oeaiu,
oa?eou, c/i, n?ie aeey iaiaia ei?ioeee. Aeaaaeueaaoeey - eciaiaiea eo?na
iaoe. aaethou ii ioiioaieth e eiino?aiiie eee eciaiaiea iaoaeee/.
niaea?aeaiey aeai. aaeeieoeu. ?aaaeueaaoeey - iiauoaiea eo?na aeai. aae.
ii ioiioaieth e eiino?.

?aoi?iu - ea?aeeiaeueiia eciaiaiea ianooaaa oeai. Aeaaiui oneiaeai
i?iaaaeaiey ?aoi?iu yaeyaony iiaeuai i?iecaiaenoaa.

1922 - ?aoi?ia aeaiaa 1? e 10000, 1 /a?aiiaoe: 0,75a. cieioa. 23a. - 1 e
1000 auea eiiaa?oe?oaiay aaethoa aei 26a. 24 - 1 e 100, auaiceee, aei 28
a.- aaiceee. 29 - aaaee ea?oi/iua iaianoiyuea aeaiueae 46 - ia o?iaeae -
?aoi?iu iao 47-?aoi?ia ca 10 aeiae, aeaiiieiaoeey 1/10. O i?aaei?eyoee
aeaiueae inoae 1/1. Oeaiu inoaeenue ia o?iaia ea?oi/ae 50 - iiaia
niioiioaiea ?oaey e aeieea?o, 1?oaeue: 0.222 a cieio. 61-aeaaaeueaaoeey
1/10, ii ioiioaiea 1 ?oaey: 0,987 a. cieioa, o.a. iioea ne?uoay
eioeyoeey, o.e. noa?ua aeaiueae eo/oa iiauo. Aaethoiay eioa?aaioeey -
aaaaeaiea a ia?auaiea ia?aeeaeueiie oaa?aeie aaethou



































11.No?oeoo?a e eeanneoeeaoeey aeioiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa.

Iaiauathuei enoi/ieeii aeioiaeia athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu yaeyaony
iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae iauanoaa. NINOAA AeIOIAeIA athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu
au?aaeaaony a ?acee/iuo ieaoaaeao, oiea/eaaaiuo th?. e oec. eeoeaie a
oio eee eiie athaeaeao. Aeioiaeu, iinooiathuea a athaeaeaou ?aciiai
o?iaiy, iiaeii eeanneoeoee?iaaoue ii NIOeEAEUeII-YEIIIIE*ANEIIO
i?eciaeo, II?ssAeEO e ONEIAEssI CA*ENEAIEss, TH?EAeE*ANEEI OI?IAI. Ii
NIOeEAEUeII-YEIIIIE*ANEIIO i?eciaeo aeioiaeu athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu
aeaeyony ia aeioiaeu io oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiecaoeee;
aeioiaeu io aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe; aeoeecu; aeioiaeu io
ieacaiey a?iea?neeo e eiuo iin?aaeie/aneeo oneoa i?aaiecaoeeyie;
iioeeiiua aeioiaeu, aeioiaeu io aaieianeie e no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe;
aeioiaeu io i?eaaoecaoeee; ?ano?niua ieaoaaee; aeioiaeu io a?aaeaeai,
i?i/ea aeioiaeu. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeaeaiey aeioiaeia athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu
ii oeacaiiiio i?eciaeo aucuaaaony nouanoaaiiuie ?acee/eyie naieo
enoi/ieeia yoeo aeioiaeia ii eo iieo/aieth, nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie
cia/eiinoe. ?acaeoea oi?i eiiia?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe n aiaea/aieai a
iaa ana aieueoaai /enea noauaeoia, a oaeaea ?ac?aaioea e ?aaeecaoeey
i?ia?aiiu i?eaaoecaoeee i?eaaee e aicieeiiaaieth iiauo enoi/ieeia
aeioiaeia athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu. Yoi - aeioiaeu io ieacaiey a?iea?neeo e
eiuo iin?aaeie/aneeo oneoa, aeioiaeu io aaieianeie e no?aoiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe, aeioiaeu io i?eaaoecaoeee. N ?anoe?aieai naoe ieaoiuo
oneoa e aiciiaeiinoae yenii?oa e eiii?oa oiaa?ia oaaee/eaaaony ?acia?
iioeeiiuo aeioiaeia (ain-iay e oaii-aeaiiay iioeeia). I?ei?eoaoiay
caaea/a ain-aa - io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu; -?ano?niua aeioiaeu
athaeae. nenoaiu yoi CAIAEUeIUE IAEIA, IEAOA CA AIAeO, EANIIE AeIOIAee
ae?. N?aaee athaeaeaoiuo aeioiaeia io a?aaeaeai iaeaieaa e?oiiue
IIAeIOIAeIUE IAEIA N OEC. EEOe, oae aea IAEIA N EIOUANOAA
(ianeaaeiaaiea, aea?aiea). N?aaee i?i/eo aeioiaeia a.n. nioe-yeii.
oa?aeoa?a neaaeoao ioianoe AeIOIAeU IO ENIIEUeCIAAIEss AIN. E IOIEOeEI.
NIANOAAIIINOUeTH, a oii /enea io aa i?iaeaaee, naea/e a a?aiaeo.

II II?ssAeEO E ONEIAEssI CA*ENEAIEss Ae. A.N. iiaeii eeanneoeoee?iaaoue
ia CAE?AIEAIIUA( oaa?aei oeene?iaaiiue ?acia? a % ca/eneyaony a
niioa.-ea athae-u), ?AAOEE?OTHUEA (aaeaaiaeii ?ani?aaeaeyaiua io/eneaiey
a ieaeanoiyuea athaeaeaou ia iniiaa ?aoaiey ain. aeanoe), AeIOAOeEE e
NOAAAIOeEE(aeaiaaeiua io/eneaiey n auoanoiyu. a. a ieaeanoiyu. a. a
ea/anoaa iaoa?eaeueiie iiiiue), NIANOAAIIUA e CAAIIUA. Ii TH?EAeE*ANEEI
OI?IAI aeioiaeu a. n. aeaeyony ia IAEIAIAUA ( 81 % e iauae noiia
aeioiaeia athaeaeaoa) e IAIAEIAIAUA (19 %). Iaeaieaa e?oiiuie iaeiaiauie
aeioiaeaie a.n. yaeythony: IAeN(37%),iaeia ia i?eaueue
i?aaei?eyoee(16%), aeoeecu(13%),niaoe. iaeia n i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeae. e
i?aaiecaoeee aeey oeiainiaie iiaeaea?aeee aaaeiaeoeo io?aneaeia?iaeiiai
o-aa ?O (9%).

Eiie?aoiue ninoaa aeioiaeia e eo iauaiu ii eaaeaeiio ioaeaeueiiio
athaeaeaoo onoaiaaeeaathony i?aaiauie aeoaie i niioaaonoaothuai
athaeaeaoa ia eaaeaeue aiae.

12. NOUIINOUe, YEAIAIOU E OEIU AeAIAAEIUO NENOAI.

AeAIAAEIAss NENOAIA-ono?ienoai aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey a no?aia,
neiaeeaoaany enoi?e/anee e cae?aieaiiia iaoeeiiaeueiui
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. A caaeneiinoe io aeaea aeaiaa (aeaiueae eae oiaa?,
auiieiythuaai ?ieue anaiauaai yeaeaaeaioa eee aeaiueae eae ciae
noieiinoe) ?acee/atho aeaiaaeiua nenoaiu 2 o oeiia: 1. NENOAIA
IAOAEEE*ANEIAI IA?AUAIEss, eioi?ay aace?oaony ia aeaenoaeoaeueiuo
aeaiueaao (na?aa?yiuo, cieiouo), auiieiythueo ana 5 ooieoeee (ae. eae
ia?a noieiinoe, eae n?aaenoaa ia?auaiey, eae n?aaenoaa iaeiieaiey e
naa?aaeaiey, eae n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea, o. ie?iauo aeaiaa)., a
ia?auathueany aaieiiou aani?aiyonoaaiii iaiaieaathony ia
aeaenoaeoaeueiua aeaiueae. 2. NENOAIA AOIAAEII-E?AAeEOIIAI IA?AUAIEss-
i?e eioi?ie aeaenoaeoaeueiua aeaiueae auoaniaiu ciaeaie noieiinoe, a a
ia?auaiee iaoiaeyony aoiaaeiua (eacia/aeneea aaenaey) eeai e?aaeeoiua
aeaiueae. I?e IA?AIE NENOAIA auaeaeythony 2 AEAeA aeaiaaeiuo nenoai:
AEIAOAEEECI (aeaiaaeiay nenoaia, i?e eioi?ie ?ieue anaiauaai yeaeaaeaioa
cae?aieaia ca 2 iaoaeeaie -na?aa?ii e cieioii) e IIIIIAOAEEECI
(aeaiaaeiay nenoaia, i?e eio. iaeei iaoaee na?aa?i eee cieioi neoaeeo
anaiauei yeaeaaeaioii) a caaeneiinoe io oiai, neieueei iaoaeea i?eiyoi a
ea/anoaa iauaai yeaeaaeaioa e aacu aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey. ?acee/atho 3
?ACIIAEAeIINOE cieioiai iiiiiaoaeecia: - CIEIOIIIIAOIUE(cieioia
ia?auaiea, naiaiaeiay /aeaiea iiiao), CIEIOINEEOEIAUE
(Aaeeeia?eoaiey,O?aioeey - aaieiiou iaiaieaaeenue ia cieioua neeoee);
CIEIOIAeAAECIUE (Aa?iaiey, Aano?ey, Aeaiey, Ii?aaaey- aaieiiou
iaiaieaaeenue ia aeaaecu -ieaoaaeiua n?aaenoaa a eiino?aiiie aaethoa)
?aciaiiua ia cieioi. A ?acoeueoaoa ie?iaiai yeiiiie/aneiai e?ecena
(1929-33) auee eeeaeaee?iaaiu ana oi?iu cieioiai iiiiiaoaeeecia e
ooaa?aeeeanue nenoaia ia?auaiey aoiaaeii-e?aaeeoiuo aeaiaa, ia ?aciaiiuo
ia aeaenoaeoaeueiua aeaiueae. I?e AOI?IE NENOAIA AOI.E?AAe.AeAI.

ainiiaenoaothuaa iieiaeaiea aaieiio, auioneaaiuo yienneiiiui oeaio?ii
no?aiu. A 1944 a A?aooii-Aoaeneay aeaiaaeiay nenoaia i?aaenoaaeyea niaie
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiue cieioiaeaaeciue noaiaea?o. Aa aeaaiuie i?eaioe?aie
yaeythony: - cieioi auiieiyei ooieoeeth ie?iauo aeaiaa; - eniieueciaaiea
aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu NOA - aeieea? e aiaeeeneee ooio noa?eeiaia. Aeieea?
NOA iaiaieaaeny ia cieioi a Eacia/aenoaa NOA ii ioeoeeaeueiiio
niioiioaieth; - iaoeeiiaeueiua aeaiaaeiua aaeeieoeu naiaiaeii
iaiaieaaeenue /a?ac OeA ia aeieea?u e iaaeaeo niaie ii oaa?aei
onoaiiaeaiiui Iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aaethoiui oiiaeii niioiioaieyi. Ana
ia?aoeiua iaoe. aeaiaaeiua aaeeieoeu /a?ac aeieea? iiaee i?aa?aoeoueny a
cieioi. A nayce n ineaaeaieai iiceoeee NOA ia aiaoiai ?uiea a
?acoeueoaoa nie?auaiey cieiouo caiania no?aiu Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay
aeaiaaeiay nenoaia a 1971-73 aa iioa?iaea aaie?ionoai e aeieea? ia?anoae
auoue aaeeinoaaiiie ie?iaie ?aca?aiie aaethoie; ?ieue ?aca?aiuo aaetho
noaee auiieiyoue- ia?ee O?A, yiiineay eaia, YETH. A ?INNEE ioeoeeaeueiie
aeaiaaeiie aae. (aaethoie) yaeyaony ?OAEUe. Aaaaeaiea ia oa??eoi?ee ?O
ae?oaeo aeaiaaeiuo aaetho cai?auaii. Niioiioaiea iaaeaeo ?oaeai e
cieioii e ae?. ae?aa. Iaoaeeia caeiiii ia onoaiiaeaii. Ioeoeeaeueiue
eo?n ?oaey e eiino?aiiui aeai. aae. ii?aaeaeyaony OeA? e ioaeeeoaony a
ia/aoe. AEAeU AeAIAA: eiathuea caeiiioth ieaoaaeioth neeo - AAIEIIOU,
IAOAEEE*ANEEA IIIAOU, eioi?ua iaania/eaathony anaie aeoeaaie Aaiea
?innee a oii /enea cieioui caianii, ain-uie oe/a, ?aca?aaie e?aaeeoiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee, iaoiaeyueieny ia n/aoao a OeA?. IAEE*IUA AeAIUeAE
(aaieiiou e iiiaou) e AACIAEE*IUA AeAIUeAE (a aeaea n?aaenoa ia n/aoao a
e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo.



























13.Eciaiaiey no?oeoo?u ?anoiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa

?anoiaeu oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ?O eeanneoeoee?othony:

1. Ii naiae ?iee a i?ioeanna aini?iecaiaenoaa - ia cao?aou, naycaiiua n
oeiaine?iaaieai iao. i?iecaiaenoaa e niaea?aeaieai iai?iecaiaenoaaiiie
noa?u;

2. Ii ooieoeeiiaeueiiio iacia/aieth - ia ?ano. ia oeiaine?iaaiea i/o,
nioe.-eoeueoo?iuo ia?ii?eyoee, iai?iiu no?aiu, niaea?aeaiea aiia?aoa
oi?aaeaiey, ia i?aaiio?-th aeayo-noue e iaani. aaciianiinoe, ia ooiae-a
enneaae-y e niaeaenoaea IOI, ia ?ano. ii ianeoae. ain. aeieaa. Eaaeaeay
ec a?oii aeaeeony ii aaaeiinoaaiiiio i?eciaeo.

Ana ?anoiaeu ninoiyo ec oaeoueo ?anoiaeia e cao?ao eaieoaeueiiai
oa?aeoa?a. Iniiaiay /anoue yoi oaeouea ?anoiaeu - caeoiea oiaa?ia e
oneoa, iieaoa o?oaea ain. neoaeaueo, ia/eneaiey ia c/i, ieaoaaee ii
aioo?. caeiai e ain. aiao. aeieao e ae?. Eai. ?anoiaeu - yoi eai.
aeiaeaiey a ini. oiiaeu, eai. no?ieoaeuenoai, eai. ?aiiio.

A oneiaeyo ia?aoiaea e ?uieo no?-?a ?anoiaeia oaae. athaeaeaoa
i?aoa?iaaaao nou. eciaiaiey - ?acei nie?auathony athaeae. anneaiiaaiey
ia i/o, i?aaeaea anaai ia oeaio?aeec-a eai. aeiaeaiey. N ?acaeoeai
i?eaaoecaoeee i?ieno. I?aia?-a cia/. /anoe ain. i?aaei?eyoee a AI, eio.
aeieaeiu inou. ?anoe?aiiia aini?-ai ca n/ao nianoa. n?aaenoa e ?ano?nia.
?anoiaeu oaae. athaeaeaoa aee. ini. a?oiiu cao?ao: ain. iiaeaea?aeeo
ioaeaeueiuo io?aneae i/o (yoi oaieueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, n/o,
aeeeeuii-eiiioiaeueiia oicyenoai, oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneee e
aa?a?ii-i?iiuoeaiiua eiiieaenu e o.ae.), oeiaine?iaaiea
nioe.-eoeueoo?iuo ia?ii?eyoee (ia?aciaaiea, cae?aaiio?aiaiea,
oeceoeueoo?a, nioe.iaania/aiea, nioe. iiiiuue, eoeueoo?a e eneonnoai,
NIE); iai?iiu no?aiu, i?aaiio?. Aeayo-noe, iaaeaeoia?. nio?-aa,
iiaaoaiea ain. aeieaa e oeiainiaoth iiaeaea?aeeo ?aaeiiia.

A iae. ?anoiaeia eiatho ianoi nouanoa. iaaeinoaoee: athaeae. n?aaenoaa
eni. ia yooaeoeaii, ?ani?ino?aiaia i?aeoeea iaoeaeaaiai ?anoiaeiaaiey
athaeae. n?aaenoa. Athaeae. ?ano. ia ?aoatho iiiaeo ianouiuo i?iaeai
nioe. iieeoeee. Ia i?aaieciaaii ia aeieaeiii o?iaia ia?a?ani?aae-a
?anoiaeia a iieueco iacaueuaiiuo neiaa ianaeaiey. I?iaeieaeaaony
nienaiea aeieaia a aa?a?iii naeoi?a.

Iniiaiua caaea/e a iaeanoe ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia: 1.Nie?aoeoue
/enei oaaea?aeueiuo oeaeaauo i?ia?aii, neiioeaio?e?iaaoue n?aaenoaa ia
yooaeoeaiuo e nioeeaeueii-cia/eiuo i?iaeoao; 2. Nieceoue ?ano. ia
niaea?ae. ain. aiia?aoa; 3.I?iaeieaeeoue aeaoeaio?aeecaoeeth
eiaanoeoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna; 4.Iiauneoue yoo-noue eniieuec. anneaiiaaiee
ia iaoe. iai?iio e iai?iiiue eiiieaen, eiioeaio?e?oy eo ia ?aoaiea
nioeeaeueiuo i?iaeai, eiiaa?nee e ia?niaeoeaiuo
iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo ?aaio; 5.Nieceoue o?iaaiue aeioaoeee
ioaeaeueiui io?aneyi; 6.Oneeeoue eiio?ieue ca eniieueciaaieai athaeae.
n?aaenoa; 7.Iaania/eoue i?ei?eoaoiia oeiaine?iaaiea ?anoiaeia ia iaoeo,
eoeueoo?o, iaaeeoeeineia ianeaaeiaaiea, ia?aciaaiea.

14. Aoiaaeiua e e?aaeeoiua aeaiueae, caeiiiia?iinoe eo ia?auaiey

AAe - i?aaenoaaeoaee aeaenoaeoaeueiuo aeaiaa. Enoi?e/anee iie iiyaeeenue
eae caiaieoaee cieiouo iiiao. Iauaeoeaiay aici-noue yoeo aeaiaa
iaoneiaeaia iniaaiiinoyie ooieoeee aeaiaa eae n?aaenoaa ia?auaiey.
Aia?aua AAe iiyaeeenue a ?inee a 1769a. (anneaiaoeee). I?aai auionea AAe
i?enaaeaaao naaa ainoaea?noai. ?aciinoue iaaeaeo iiieiaeueiie
noieiinoueth auiouaiiuo aeaiaa e noieiinoueth eo auionea (?anoiaeu ia
aoiaao, ia/aoaiea) ia?acoao yienneiiiue aeioiae eaciu, yaeyaony
nouanoaaiiui yeaiaioii ainoaea?noaaiiuo iinooieaiee.

AAe auiieiytho 2 ooieoeee: n?aaenoai ia?auaiey e n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea.
Ionoonoaea cieioiai iaiaia ia aeaao aiciiaeiinoue ei oeoe ec ia?auaiey.
Ainoaea?noai, iinoiyiii eniuouaathuaa iaaeinoaoie n?aaenoa, oaaee/eaaao
auione AAe aac o/aoa oiaa?iiai e ieaoaaeiiai iai?ioa. AAe, cano?yaoea a
ia?auaiee iacaaeneii io oiaa?iiai?ioa. ia?aiieiytho eaiaeu ia?auaiey e
iaanoeaieaathony. I?e/eiu iaanoeaiaiey: ecauoi/iue auione AAe
ainoaea?noaii, oiaaeie aeiaa?ey e yieoaioo e iaaeaaii?eyoiia niioiioaiea
yenii?oa e eiii?oa no?aiu.

Nouiinoue AAe caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi iie aunooiatho ciaeaie noieiinoe,
auioneaaiuie ain-aii aeey iie?uoey athaeae. aeaoeoeeoa, iau/ii iie ia
?aciaiiu ia cieioi e iaaeaeaiu ainoaea?noaii i?eioaeeoaeueiui eo?nii.

EAe aicieeatho n ?acaeoeai oia. i?iecaiaenoaa, eiaaea eoiey-i?iaeaaea
inou-ny n ?ann?i/eie ieaoaaea (a e?aaeeo). Eo iiyaeaiea naycaii n
ooieoeeae aeaiaa eae n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea, aaea aeaiueae aunooiatho
iaycaoaeuenoaii, eio. ae.a. iiaaoaii /a?ac ca?aiaa onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie
aeaenoaeoaeueiuie aeaiueaaie. Ecia/aeueii yeii. cia/aiea yoeo aeaiaa -
naeaeaoue aeai. iai?io yeanoe/iui, niiniaiui io?aaeaoue iio?aaiinoe
oiaa?iiai?ioa a iae. aeaiueaao; yeiiiieoue aeaenoaeoaeueiua aeaiueae;
niinianoaiaaoue ?acaeoeth aaciae. iai?ioa.

A oneiaeyo ainiiaenoaa eaieoaea EAe au?aaeatho ia acaeiinaycue iaaeaeo
oiaa?aie ia ?uiea eae auei ?aiueoa (O-Ae-O), a ioiioaiea aeaiaaeiiai
eaieoaea (Ae-O-Ae), iiyoiio aeaiaaeiue eaieoae aunooiaao a oi?ia EAe.

EAe i?ioee neaaeothuee iooue ?acaeoey: aaenaeue, aeoeaioiaaiiue
aaenaeue, aaieiioa, /ae, yeaeo?iiiua aeaiueae, e?aaeeoiua ea?oi/ee.

Aaenaeue - ienuei. Aacone. iayc-ai aeieaeieea oieaoeoue ii?aae. noiio a
ca?aiaa iaia. n?ie a onoaiiaeaiiii ianoa. ?acee/atho i?inoie aaenaeue,
auaeaiiue aeieaeieeii e ia?aaiaeiie (o?aooo), auienaiiue e?aaeeoi?ii e
iai?aaeaiiue aeieaeieeo aeey iiaeiene n aica?aoii e?aaeeoi?o. A ?innee a
?aciuo noa?ao aeaenoaotho eiiia?/aneee, aaieianeee, eacia/aeneee aaenaey
e ae?. aai aeaeu. Eiii. A auaeaaony iiae caeia oiaa?a. Aaie-e A
auaeaaony aaieii-yieoaioii i?e iaee/ee ii?aae. noiiu eeeaioa ia
aeaiiceoa. A ioee/ea io eiii.A aaie-e A a eiaao aeaiiceoioth oi?io. Yoi
ii nouanoao i?inoie A, oae eae auienuaaaony eeeaioii aaiea naiaio
iinoaaueeo a iieaoo ca oiaa?u, ii i.a. eiaeinne?iaai o?aoueaio eeoeo.
Aaie-e A aeaao i?aaei?-th iiaia ieao. n?aaenoai, aa?aioe?iaaiiia aaieii,
e?iia iieo/aiey aeioiaea ii aeaiiceoo, i?aaei?eyoea iieo/aao
aiciiaeiinoue ?an/aoa ni naieie ia?oia?aie.

Aaieiioa - EAe, auioneaaiua OeA (yienneiiiui) no?aiu. A iinooiaao a
ia?au. iooai aaieianeiai e?aaeeoiaaiey ainoaea?noaa, oicyenoaa /a?ac EA,
iaiaia eiino?aiiie aaethou ia aaieiiou aeaiiie no?aiu. OeA no?ai aui-tho
A no?iai ii?aae-ai aeinoieinoaa. Ii nou. iie yae. iaoe. aeaiueaaie ia
anae oa??. ain-aa. Iao. iaani-a a aeaea oiaa?ia eee cieioa ionoonoaoao.
Ecaio-ny ec iniaie aoiaae e i?eiaiythony ia?u, cao?oaei-a eo iiaeaeaeeo.
A ?O yieoaioii aaieiio yaeyaony OeA? (Aaie ?innee), inouanoaeythuee
naith aeayoaeueiinoue a niioaaonoaee n Oaae. c-iii i OeA ?O io
26.04.95a. Ia?auathony aaieiiou aeinoieinoaii 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000
?oaeae, ia iiauo 500 e 1000 ?oaeae oeacaii ?Aeeao Aaiea ?innee?.

*ae - aeai. aeieoi. onoai. oi?iu, niaea?aeauee aacone. i?eeac
aeaaeaeueoea n/aoa a e?aae-i o/?. i auieaoa aea?aeaoaeth /aea oeacaiiie
noiiu. A /aeiaii ia?auaiee o/anoaotho: /aeiaeaoaeue (aeaaeaeaoe n/aoa),
/aeiiieo/aoaeue (e?aaeeoi? /aeiaeaoaey) e ieaoaeueuee ii /aeo
(e?aaeeoiia o/?aaeaeaiea). ?acee/atho 3 aeaea /aeia: - eiaiiie - ia
ii?aaeaeaiiia eeoei aac i?aaa ia?aaea/e; - i?aaeuyaeoaeueneee - aac
oeacaiey iieo/aoaey; - i?aea?iue - ia ii?aaeaeaiiia eeoei, ii n i?aaii
ia?aaea/e iin?aaenoaii eiaeinnaiaioa ia iai?ioa aeieoiaioa.

Ai aioo?. iai?ioa * eni-ny aeey iieo/. iae. aeaiaa, a e?aae-i o/?., eae
n?-ai ieaoaaea e ia?auaiey, a o.ae. a ea/. eino?oi. aaciae. ?an/aoia. A
iaaeaeoia?. ?an/. o.ae. eni-ny aaieianeea /aee aeey inou. eiiia?/.
ieaoaaeae, a ini. i?e ieaoaaeao iaoi?aiaiai oa?aeoa?a. N 1.03.92a.
iinoaiiaeaieai AN ?innee i?eiyoi ?Iieiaeaiea i /aeao?, eioi?ia
ii?aaeaeeei ii?yaeie /aeiaiai ia?auaiey a no?aia. A ?innee nicaeai
?*aeiaue neiaeeeao?, iauaaeeiythuee EA. Eeeaio caeeth/aao niaeao. n EA,
aoiaeyuei a neiaeeeao, aiineo aeeaae, ia noiio eioi?iai ioe?uaaaony
n/ao, e iieo/aao /aeiaoth eieaeeo. A i?aaeaeao aeaiiceoa auienuaathony
/aee.

Auno?ia ?ano. /aeiaiai ia?au. iio?aaiaaei eciai. oi?i ieaoaaeae. IOI e
?acaeoea YAI iaania/eee nicaeaiea aaoiiaoece?-o yeaeo?iiiuo onoaiiaie
aeey ia?aaioee /aeia e aaaeaiey oaeoueo n/aoia. Ye-iiua ono?ienoaa e
nenoaia nayce aeey inou. e?aaeeoiuo e ieaoaaeiuo iia?aoeee iin?aaenoaii
ia?aaea/e yeaeo?iiiuo neaiaeia aac o/anoey aoiaaeiuo iineoaeae
niinianoaiaaee aicieeiiaaieth yeaeo?iiiuo aeaiaa. Aiaae?aiea YAI a
e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo nicaeaei oneiaey aeey caiaiu /aeia e?aaeeoiuie
ea?oi/eaie, Auioneathony iie e?aaeeoiuie o/?aaeaeaieyie a oi?ia
ieanoeeiaie ea?oi/ee n iaianaiiie ia iae ano?iaiiie iee?inoaiie. Ca
?oaaaeii iie i?eiaiythony a ?icie/iie oi?aiaea e noa?a oneoa. A ?innee
iie oaeaea iiyaeythony. E?aaeiaaie, Eieiiaaie e ae?oaea ia/aee
auioneaoue ea?oi/ee aeey naieo eeeaioia, ii aeey yoiai o?aaothony
cia/eoaeueiua aeeaaeu a eiino?aiiie aaethoa.















15. Iiiyoea nnoaeiiai eaieoaea e enoi/ieee aai oi?ie?iaaiey. ?uiie NE.

NE - niaieoiiinoue aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia aica?aoiie iniiaa,
ia?aaeaaaaiuo ai a?aiaiiia iieueciaaiea ca ieaoo a aeaea i?ioeaioa.

Ia ?uiea eaieoaeia NE caieiaao iniaia ianoi, oaeiaeaoai?yy iio?aaiinoe a
eeoea ainoaea?noaa, THE e OE a naiaiaeiuo oeiainiauo ?ano?nao.

I?ii. i e oi?a. eaieoae ia noaaeee ia?aaea/e io i?iaeaaoea (e?aaeeoi?a)
e iieoiaoaeth (caaiueeo), a ioee/ea io NE, iau/ii iaoiaeeony eeoue a
aeaiaaeiie oi?ia.

A ioee/ea io ?inoiaue/aneiai eaieoaea, ini. enoi/ieeii eioi?iai
aunooiaee nianoaaiiua aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa e?aaeeoi?a, NE oi?ie?oaony ca
n/ao oeiainiauo ?ano?nia, i?eaeaeaaiuo e?aaeeoiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie o
ainoaea?noaa, THE e OE.

Ia 1 yoaia ?acaeoey e?-o ioiioaiee aaeeinoaaiiui enoi/ieeii oi?ie?iaaiey
NE aunooiaee a?aiaiii naiaiaeiua aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa ainoaea?noaa, THE
e OE, ia aeia?iaieueiie iniiaa ia?aaeaaaaiua oeiainiaui iin?aaeieeai.
Yoe n?aaenoaa oeene?iaaeenue ia aeaiiceoiuo n/aoao e iaania/eaaee naiei
aeaaeaeueoeai oeene?iaaiiue aeioiae a oi?ia i?ioeaioa ii yoei aeeaaeai.

Ii ia?a ?acaeoey eai. niiniaa i?-aa e aaciaee/iie oi?iu aeaiaaeiuo
?an/aoia n i?yiui o/anoeai aaieia iiaui enoi/ieeii oi?ie?iaaiey
nnoaeiiai eaieoaea noaee n?aaenoaa, a?aiaiii aunaiaiaeaeathueany a
i?ioeanna i?iiuoeaiiiai e oi?aiaiai eaieoaeia. Iniiaiua i?e/eiu
aunaiaiaeaeaiey:

· ianiaiaaeaiea a?aiaie ?aaeecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee ni
n?ieaie oaeoe/aneiai inouanoaeaiey cao?ao ia i?eia?aoaiea nu?uey,
iaoa?eaeia, auieaoo c/ieaou iaaiiiio ia?niiaeo e o.ae.;

· iinoaiaiiia niaoeaaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia e ionthaea iaiaoiaeeiinoue
oi?ie?iaaiey aii?oecaoeeiiiiai oiiaea, eae ?aca?aa aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa,
a iineaaeothuai eniieuecoaiuo aeey oeiaine?iaaiey ainnoaiiaeaiey
oece/aneiai e ii?aeueiiai eciina;

· ia?aciaaiea ia?ani?aaeaeaiiiai inoaoea i?eauee n iiiaioa aa
oi?ie?iaaiey aei oaeoe/aneiai eniieueciaaiey e o.ae.

I?e yoii aeey aaiea ionoonoaoao iaiaoiaeeiinoue:

· iieo/aiey i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai niaeaney aeaaeaeueoea ?/n/aoa ia
eniieueciaaiea iaoiaeyueony ia iai n?aaenoa;

· auieaou aeioiaea ii ?/n/aoai ii aiaeiao n aeaiiceoiuie, oi anoue
oaeoe/aneay aanieaoiinoue yoeo ?ano?nia.

Aeey aieueoeinoaa nia?aiaiiuo aaieia ?anniao?eaaaiue enoi/iee aunooiaao
a ea/anoaa iniiaiiai iiaeeecaoeeiiiiai ?ano?na e iiaoaeaeaao eo e
iinoiyiiiio oaaee/aieth iauaai ninoaaa ianeoaeeaaaiuo eeeaioia.

No?oeoo?a ?uiea nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia:

?uiie NE - yoi oeiainiaue ?uiie, iniaay noa?a oeiainiauo ioiioaiee,
iaania/eaathuay e?oaiiai?io NE.

Iniiaiua o/anoieee yoiai ?uiea:

ia?ae/iua eiaanoi?u, oi anoue aeaaeaeueoeu naiaiaeiuo oeiainiauo
?ano?nia;

niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua iin?aaeieee a eeoea e?aaeeoii-oeiainiauo
i?aaiecaoeee;

caaiueee a eeoea th?eaee/aneeo, oece/aneeo eeoe e ainoaea?noaa;

?uiie NE iiaeao auoue aeeooa?aioee?iaai ia /aou?a aaciauo naaiaioa:
1)aeaiaaeiue ?uiie - niaieoiiinoue e?aoein?i/iuo e?aaeeoiuo iia?aoeee,
ianeoaeeaathueo aeaeaeaiea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa; 2)?uiie eaieoaeia -
niaieoiiinoue n?aaeia- e aeieain?i/iuo iia?aoeee, ianeoaeeaathueo
aeaeaeaiea iniiaiuo n?aaenoa; 3)oiiaeiaue ?uiie - niaieoiiinoue
e?aaeeoiuo iia?aoeee, ianeoaeeaathueo ?uiie oeaiiuo aoiaa; 4)eiioa/iue
?uiie - niaieoiiinoue e?aaeeoiuo iia?aoeee, ianeoaeeaathuee ?uiie
iaaeaeaeeiinoe.

Eaaeaeue ec naaiaioia ?uiea eiaao naie iniaaiiinoe a i?aaiecaoeee e
ooieoeeiie?iaaiee, /oi i?eaaei e nicaeaieth eiiia?/aneeo aaieia,
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo oeiainiai-e?aaeeoiuo einoeoooia (eiaanoeoeeiiiuo,
eiioa/iuo e o.ae.).

16. Yienney aeaiaa e i?aaiecaoeey yienneiiiuo iia?aoeee

Yienney aeaiaa yaeyaony iiiiiieueiui i?aaii OeA e iaoiaeeony oieueei a
aai eiiiaoaioeee. Eiiia?/aneea aaiee ia eiatho i?aaa naiinoiyoaeueii
auioneaoue a ia?auaiea aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa. Iiyoiio eo e?aaeeoiua e
eanniaua iia?aoeee i?iecaiaeyony a i?aaeaeao aeaiaaeiie iannu,
auiouaiiie a ia?auaiea OeA.

Iaiaoiaeeiinoue auionea iiauo aeaiaa iaoneiaeaia ?aaeecaoeeae
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea eee aiiaue nicaeaiiie noieiinoe niaieoiiiai
iau. i?iaeoeoa. YAe i?iecaiaeeony a ?acia?ao, ooaa?aeaeaaiuo Niaaoii
Ieieno?ia ?O.

Auione aeaiaa - aeaaiue enoi/iee aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa OeA, eniieuecoaiue
aeey aaaine?iaaiey ?anoe?aiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa. YAe inouanoaeyaony a
aeaoo oi?iao: aeaiueae aaieianeiai iai?ioa i?e e?aaeeoiaaiee
eiiia?/aneeo aaieia; iaee/iua aeaiueae, iaania/eaathuea eanniaua
iia?aoeee ii ianeoaeeaaieth ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e athaeaeaoa.

I?e e?aaeeoiaaiee eiiia?/aneeo aaieia i?ienoiaeeo ca/eneaiea aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa OeA ia eo n/aoa a ?an/aoii-eanniauo oeaio?ao (?EOe). Iia?aoeee
aaieia, naycaiiua n auaea/ae iaee/iuo aeaiaa i?aaei?eyoeyi e
i?aaiecaoeeyi, inouanoaeythony ia iniiaa eanniauo cayaie eeeaioia. Yoe
cayaee i?aaeinoaaeythony a ianeoaeeaathuea aaiee e niaea?aeao ana
iaiaoiaeeiua aeaiiua i i?aaenoiyueo iia?aoeeyo n iaee/iuie aeaiueaaie.

Ia iniiaa eanniauo cayaie i?aaei?eyoee ninoaaeythony i?iaiicu eanniauo
iai?ioia eiiia?/aneeo aaieia. I?eoiaeioth /anoue yoeo i?ia?aii
?ann/eouaatho enoiaey ec iinooieaiee iaee/iuo aeaiaa a eannu aaieia.
Iinooieaiea aeaiaa i?aaiecoaony n iiiiuueth eieannaoeee (aeinoaaee a
aaie) aeaiaaeiie iaee/iinoe oi?aiai-caeoii/iuo no?oeoo?, i?aaei?eyoee
iauaieoa, o?ainii?oiuo nenoai e ae?oaeo i?aaiia, ieacuaathueo ieaoiua
oneoae ianaeaieth. ?ano. /anoue i?iaiice?oaony ia iniiaaiee i?aaenoiyueo
auieao c/ieaou e i?i/eo ?anoiaeia i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e
i?aaiecaoeee.

Aaee/eia aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, iinooiathueo a ia?auaiea, caaeneo io
niioiioaiey i?eoiaeiie e ?anoiaeiie /anoae eanniauo i?ia?aii aaiea. I?e
?inoa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe iaaethaeaaony iinoiyiiia
i?aauoaiea ?anoiaeiie /anoe i?ia?aiiu iaae i?eoiaeiie e auione a
ia?auaiea iiauo aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa.

Yienneiiiay nenoaia - caeiiiaeaoaeueii onoaiiaeaiiue ii?yaeie auionea e
ia?auaiey aeaiaaeiuo ciaeia. Yienneiiiua iia?aoeee a ainoaea?noaao
inouanoaeytho:

oeaio?aeueiue (yienneiiiue) aaie, iieuecothueeny i?aaii auionea
(aaieiio) aaieianeeo aeeaoia, ninoaaeythueo iiaeaaeythuoth /anoue
iaee/ii-aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey;

eacia/aenoai (ainoaea?noaaiiue eniieieoaeueiue i?aai), auioneathuee
iaeeieoith?iua aoiaaeii-aeaiaaeiua ciaee: eacia/aeneea aeeaou e iiiaou,
ecaioiaeaiiua eo aeaoaauo aeaeia iaoaeea, ia eioi?ua i?eoiaeeony ieiei
10% (a ?acaeouo no?aiao) iauaai auionea iaee/iuo aeaiaa.

Iaee/iua aeaiueae auioneathony a ia?auaiea ia iniiaa yienneiiiiai
?ac?aoaiey - aeieoiaioa, aeathuaai i?aai OeA? iiaee?aieyoue iai?ioioth
eanno ca n/ao ?aca?aiuo oiiaeia aeaiaaeiuo aaieiio e iiiao. Yoio
aeieoiaio auaeaaony I?aaeaieai Aaiea ?innee a i?aaeaeao yienneiiiie
aee?aeoeau, oi anoue i?aaeaeueiiai ?acia?a auionea aeaiaa a ia?auaiea,
onoaiiaeaiiiai I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?O.



17. Yeiiiie/aneay nouiinoue, ooieoeee e?aaeeoa e i?eioeeiu
e?aaeeoiaaiey.

E?. ioi. - aeai. ioiio. oa?aeo. i?aaeinoaae. e aica?aoii nnoae, i?aaiec.
aeai. ?an/., e?aaeeo. eiaano., eniieuec. ain. e?. Aiciee. iaaeaeo a-aii,
i?aaei?., aaieii, ianaeaieai, iauaeo - nnoaeaaiay no-oue (o?iaie
aeaeae.- oa??eo., io?ane., aioo?eio?.)

E?aaeeo - a?aiaiiia caeinoa. aeai. n?-a, iao. oeaiiinoae e iaaeaeae.
ei-aa.

Ooieoeee e?aaeeoa: 1.Ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay, i?e aai iiiiue naiaiaeiua
aeaiaaeiua eaieoaeu e aeioiaeu aeeoioee?othony e i?aa?auathony a
nnoaeiue eaieoae, eioi?ue ia?aaeaaony ca ieaoo ai a?aiaiiia
iieueciaaiea. 2.Yienneiiiay (/anoe/ii caiauay iaee/iua aeaiueae
e?aaeeoiuie aeaiueaaie e onei?aiea ia?auaiey aeaiaa). Yeiiiiey
ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa. 3.Eiio?ieueiay ooieoeey - aaie aeanoei
eiio?iee?oao yoio e?aaeeo. 4.Onei?aiea IOI. 5.Ianeoaeeaaiea
oiaa?iiai?ioa.

I?eioeeiu e?aaeeoa: 1.N?i/iinoue. 2.I?eioeei aica?aoiinoe. 3.Ieaoiinoue
- oeaia e?aaeeoa caaeneo io ni?ina ia e?aaeeo. Nnoaeiue i?ioeaio.
4.Oeaeaaie oa?aeoa? - i?aaeiieaaaao aoaeouoth i?eaueue. 5.Iaoa?eaeueiay
iaania/aiiinoue (o.a. caeia eiouanoaa).

A ?innee aeaenoaoao aeaooo?iaiaaay e?aaeeoiay nenoaia: Oeaio?aeueiue
Aaie - aaieianeea einoeooou e iaaaieianeea e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee.

Aeaeu e oi?iu e?aaeeoa.

aauanoa. i?iyae. e?aae. naeaeee

Aeaiaaeiue, oiaa?iue, iaoeeiiaeueiue, iaaeaeoia?iaeiue.

Eiiia?/. - acaeiinaycue oi?a. e e?aae. naeaeee 2 i?aaei?.( iieoi. e
i?iaeaaaoe), ?aaoee?. oic. ioiioaiee, eniieuec. aaenaeae

oiaa?.o.e?aaeeoa, ?ano?nu ia anaaaea a?ai. naia.

Aaie. e?. - aeaeae. nnoaeiiai eai-ea, i?aaeinoaae. aaieaie e ae?. e?aae.
einoeoooaie ai a?ai iieuecia. ia one. n?i/i., ieaoi., aica?. E?aaeeoi?u
- aaiee e ae?. einoeooou, caaiueee - ain-ai, th?. e oec. eeoea

ii oa?-?o i?aaeino. - i?yiua (aac iin?aaeieeia), einaaiua - (n
iin?aaeieeaie)

ii n?ieai - e?aoein?i/. (1ae.-1a.), n?aaeian?i/i.(1-3a.), aeieain?i/iua
(>3a.)

ii iacia/. - oeiaine?.oae. aeayo-oe (iiiieiaiea iai?. n?-a, oiaa?ia,
caiania), oeiai. eiaano. aeayo-oe

ii noaiaie ?enea - noaiaea?oiay - i?aa. ioi?ie., i?iaa?.
e?aeaeeoiniinia. caai.), n iiauo. ?eneii (ia iiaaoaia,caeia oa?.no-oue)

i?ieiiae?ia., i?in?i/aiiua, aaciaaeaaeiiai iiaaoaiey

Iio?aa. e?. - ioiio. iaaeaeo e?aaeeoi?ii e caaiu. ii iiaiaeo eiia/iiai
iio?aaeaiey, oeaeaaie oa?-?, aaie. e iaaaie., aeaeu -ia

ee/iua, iauaoic. ioaeaeu, aiciau. cao?ao eai. oa?-?a), oiaa?i. e aeai.,
iaeiia?. eee /anoyie iiaao.

Eeceiaiaue- ioiioaiey iaaeaeo th?eae. eeoeaie ii iiaiaeo ia?aaea/e a
a?aiaeo n?-a o?oaea, oeiaine?. e i?eia?. aeaeae. e iaaeaeae. ei-aa.
Iauaeo - ethaia ei-ai, noauaeou - e.-aeaoaeue, e.-iieo/aoaeue,
i?iecaiaeeoaeue, oeiainiaue e iia?aoeaiue, n?i/i.(iae- ii?aciaue) e
aiciai., /enoue (?ano. ii ianeoae. ia a?aiaeaoi?a) e iieiue, aioo?.,
iaaeaeoia?. e niaoaiiue,

Eiioa/iue - nnoaeu iiae caeia iaaeaeaeeiiai ei-aa (iao-ny a nianoa. o
caaiueea), aaenaeue, oe.a. E?aaeeoi?u - iau/iua eee niaoeeae. aaiee,
caaiueee - oec. eeoea n eiioaeie

Eiiaa?aeiue - i?aaeinoaae. OeA eiii. aaieai iiae caeia a.oe.a. n?ieii
aei 30 aeiae, nia/aea % noaaea, a iioii noiia e?aae. % noaaea -
oaa?aeay aei 7 aeiae -24%, 7-14 aeiae - 48%, eee ia aoeoe. iooai
iona/aiey. I?aai iieo/aiey - aaiee n aunieie eeeaeaei.

Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue - i?aaeinoaae. e?. ?an. iaeiie no?aiu ae?oaie,
iaaeainoaea?noa., /enoi aaie., i?ii?oe. iiaao. i?ia?anne?., aaeeiia?.
******************

18. Eiiaa?oaaaeueiinoue iaoeeiiaeueiuo aeaiaa, aa oeiu.

Aaethoa - aeai.aae. no?aiu eniieuec. aeey aae-iu no-oe oiaa?a,

1) aeai. aae-oea aeaiiie no?aiu (oeiu - cie., na?aa., aoiaae.)

2) aeai.ciaee ei.ain-a, au?aae. a ei. aeai. n?-aao oiio?. a ieao. e
ia?. aeie-oao e iaaeaeoia?.?an/.

3) iaaeae. aeai. ?an/. aae-oea

Aae. nenoaia - ain.-i?aa.oi?ia i?aaiecaoeee aae.ioiioaiee

iaoeeiiaeueiay - nino. aeai. nenoaiu no?aiu, aace?oaony ia iaoe.
aaethoa, iaaeae. iaiai iio?. cae?aie. a iaoe.aa-

ethoa ii?aae. aaniaiai niaea?ae. ae?aa. iaoaeeia

yeaiaiou - iaoe. aaethoa, one. ia?aoei., ia?eoaoa iaoe. a.,eo?n,
iaee/ea aae.ia?ai.

ie?iaay - aaca ia 1 eee iane. ?aca?ai.aaetho eee
iaaeaeoi.-?an/.aaeeieoeao

yeaiaiou - iaaeae.?an/. aae-oeu (NAe? e YETH), one. ia?ao., ?aaeei
aae.eo?nia, oieoeeaoeey ini.oi?i iaaeae.?an/.

?aaeei aae. ?uieia e ?uieia cieioa, iaaeaeoia?. i?a-oeee, inouanoae.
iaaeaeoia?. ?aaoe.

?aca?aiay (eeth/aaay)aae. iniaay eiiaa?o. iaoe. aaethoa n
ooieoe.iaaeaeoia?.ieao. e ?ac. n?-aa

Oa?-ea - cieioie noaiaea?o, noa?eeiaiaay, aeieea?iaay

A?ao.-Aoae. AN $- ?ac. aae. e DM, eniieuec. cie., ssiaeneay 76a.- ono?.
cie. eae aacu aeey oeaiu -NAe?, Aa?ii.-YETH

Iaaeae. ?an/. aae-oea -

YETH -Aa?ii.aae.neno. - aae. aae-oea, eniieuec. eae oneiai. ianooaa i?e
iaaeae. ?an/. yienney - Aa?ii. oiiae aae. ?aaoe.

en/-ny ia aaca n?aaeiaacaao. no-oe e eciaiaiey eo?na 12 aaetho ii
niaeao. i/o OeA

o-oeee - aaca aeey ono. eo?na, n?-ai eia. e e?aae., ?an/. i/o OeA

NAe? - iaaeaeoia?. ?ac. n?-ai, niaoe. i?aaa caeinoa., eioe?iaea anao
aeaeia aaetho

Eiiaa?oe?oaiinoue aae. - aici. aeey o/-eia aiao. naeaeie eaaaeueii
iaiai. ia iaoe. aae.

io iaoe.i?eiaaee.- aiaoiyy (iaiai aeaiaa aeaiiie no?aiu oieueei o
eiino?.) aioo?aiiyy - (naia. iaiai iaoe. aae-oeu ia ei.

oieueei o a?-i aeaiiie no?aiu

NEA - ia?aoeiua aaethou, aac ia?ie/aiey iaiai. ia ethaua ei.aaethou

*anoe/ii-eiiaa?oe?oaiua - n ia?aie/aieyie (nioe.eaaa?ue, EI?)
Iaeiiaa?oe?oaiua - caieioou iao naia. iaiaia aae.

Aae. eo?n - oeaia aeai. aae-oeu iaeiie no?aiu a ei. aeai. aae-oeao
ae?oaie (eiyo. ia?an/aoa)

O-oeee - acaeiiiaiai aaethoaie i?e aeaeaeaiee eai-ea, n?aaiaiea oeai ia
ie?. iaoe.?uieao

Oeene?.- onoaiiae. eo?na a caeiiaae. ii?yaeea

Eieaae. a oceeo ?aieao - +- 5%, eo?nu aie-aa no?ai

Ieaaathuee - no?aiu Aa?iiu, niioiioaiea aeaiiie aaethou ii ioiioaieth e
?aca?a. aaethoai

Aeaieiie aae. ?uiie - aae. iie-ea n i?ii. ianoii i/o oeene?. e ieaa.
eo?nii

Aeaaieueaaoeey - oiai. eo?na iaoe. aae., ?aaieueaaoeey - oaae. eo?na
iaoe. aae.

O-?u aeeythuea ia eo?n: o?iaaiue oeai, ninoiyiea ieao. aaeaina, ye.
eiiutheoo?a, iieeo. noaa.

Eioe?iaea ei. aaethou - ii?aaeaeaiea eo?na

iaoiaeu - i?yiay -eo?n aae-oeu ei. aae. au?aae. a iaoe. aaetho,
einaaiay - ca aae-oeo i?ei. ei. aaethoa, eo?n e-?ie a

ei. aeai. ciaeao, e?inn-eo?n - niioiio. i/o 2 aaetho. auoaeathuaa ec eo
eo?na ii ioiio. e 3 aae. ****************

19. ?ieue OeA a inouanoaeaiee aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoioie iieeoeee.

OeA - aeaaiia caaii e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu;

Eiiia?/aneee aaie - iniiaiia caaii e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu.

A nia?. aaieianeeo nenoaiao OeA caieiaao iniaia ianoi. Ii yaeyaony
i?aaiii ain. ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee, iaaeaeai i?aaii iiiiiieueiiai
auionea aaieiio, ?aaoee?iaaiey aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey, e?aaeeoiuo
ioiioaiee no?aiu. A OeA o?aiyony cieioi-aaethoiua ?aca?au no?aiu. OeA
inouanoaeyao ?oeiaiaenoai e eiio?ieue iaae anae e?aaeeoiie nenoaiie,
yaeyaony aaieii aaieia, o?aieo a?aiaiii naiaiaeiua aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, athaeaeaoa, ae?oaeo i?aaeo. i?aaiia, iaycaoaeueiua
?aca?au eiiia?/aneeo aaieia. A oeaeii oeaio?aeueiua aaiee, eae i?aaeei,
yaeythony ainoaea?noaaiiuie. Eiiaaea iie oi?iaeueii ain-ao ia
i?eiaaeeaaeao (O?N -aeoeeiia?iue, Oaaeoea?neee iaoe. aaie), eeai ain-ao
i?eiaaeeaaeeo eeoue /anoue eaieoaea (a ssiiiee), a ethaii neo/aa ana
oeaio?aeueiua aaiee i?iaiaeyo iieeoeeo ain-aa e ?aaioatho eae ain.
i?aaiu.

Aaaeiay oa?aeoa?enoeea aeayoaeueiinoe OeA - noaiaiue eo
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe, iacaaeneiinoe. Nouanoaaiiay noaiaiue iacaaeneiinoe
OeA io i?aaeoaeuenoaa yaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai yooaeoeaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe aaiea ii iiaeaea?aeaieth aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie e aaethoiie
noaaeeueiinoe. A oi aea a?aiy iacaaeneiinoue OeA io i?aaeoaeuenoaa eiaao
ioiineoaeueiue oa?aeoa?, o.e. yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea ain-aa ia iiaeao
oniaoii inouanoaeyoueny aac aa /aoeiai niaeaniaaiey e oaniie oaycee n
aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie e oeiainiaie iieeoeeie OeA. Iiyoiio a aeieain?i/iii
ieaia iieeoeea OeA i?yii ii?aaeaeyaony i?ei?eoaoaie iae?iyeiiiie/aneiai
eo?na i?aaeoaeuenoaa.

Ii caeiio ?O OeA? i?aaeoaeuenoao ia iiae/eiai. OeA? e?aaeeooao aaiee e
e?aaeeoiua o/?aaeaeaiey e i?aaiecoao nenoaio ?aoeiaine?iaaiey. Aaie
?innee - ?an/aoiue oeaio? no?aiu, ii?aaeaeythuee nenoaio, ii?yaeie e
oi?iu ?an/aoia a no?aia, a oii /enea e iaaeaeo aaieaie.

Aeayoaeueiinoue OeA? - iaania/aiea onoie/eainoe ?inneeneie aaethou,
iieoiaoaeueneie niiniaiinoe ?oaey e ieieiecaoeee eioeyoeee, a oaeaea
yooaeoeaiinoe anae aaieianeie nenoaiu ?an/aoia a eioa?anao yeiiiieee a
oeaeii.

Aaie ?innee - i?aai aaethoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, ii?aaeaeythuee ii?yaeie
?an/aoia n eiino?aiiuie ainoaea?noaaie e ii?yaeie iia?aoeee ii iieoiea e
i?iaeaaea eiino?aiiie aaethou. A yoie nayce ii i?aaiecoao e inouanoaeyao
aaethoiue eiio?ieue, eae iaiin?aaenoaaiii, oae e /a?ac oiieiiii/aiiua
eiiia?/aneea aaiee.

OeA ?O onoaiaaeeaaao i?aaeea aoo. o/aoa e io/aoiinoe, ii?yaeie
i?iaaaeaiey aaieianeeo iia?aoeee aeey anao aaieia e e?aaeeoiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee. Ii eeoeaice?oao aeayoaeueiinoue aaieia, e?aaeeoiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee e aoaeeoi?neeo i?aaiecaoeee, caieiathueony aoaeeoii aaieia,
inouanoaeyao iaaeci? ca aeayoaeueiinoueth e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee.
?aaeno?e?oao yienneth oeaiiuo aoiaa aaieia e e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee,
aaaeao ?aano? oeaiiuo aoiaa; i?iaiaeeo aiaeec e i?iaiice?iaaiea
ninoiyiey yeiiiieee a oeaeii e ii ?aaeiiai, ioaeeeiaaoue iaoa?eaeu e
noaoenoeeo aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiuo, oeiainiauo, oeaiiauo ioiioaiee.

Iniiaiua ooieoeee OeA ?innee :

A niioaaonoaee n caeiiii ?I OeA?, Aaie ?innee auiieiyao neaaeothuea
ooieoeee:

· aeeoioeyoeey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia?. oic-aa;

· ?aciauaiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa;

· i?aaiecaoeey aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey e yienneiiiay aeayoaeueiinoue;

· aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiia ?aaoee?iaaiea;

· i?aaiecaoeey e inouanoaeaiea aeaiaaeiuo ?an/aoia iaee/iuie aeaiueaaie
e iooai aaciaee/iuo ia?a/eneaiee;

· ?an/aoii-eanniaia eniieiaiea ain. athaeaeaoa;

· aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea ooieoeee;

· ?aaoee?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe e./aaieia e ae?. e?aaeeoiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee;

· iaaeci? ca aeayoaeueiinoueth aaieia.

20. Aaethoiue eo?n.

Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaey oiaa?aie e oneoaaie, aeaeaeaiea eaieoaeia
ia?ac?uaii naycaii n iaiaiii aaetho. Iau/ii yenii?oa? iaiaieaaao
eiino?aiioth a., iieo/aaioth i?e i?iaeaaea oiaa?a, ia Iaiaoeeiiaeueioth,
i?aaeinoaaeythuoth ieaoaaeiia n?aaenoai ia oa??eoi?ee aeaiiiai
ainoaea?noaa. Eiii?oa? iaiaieaaao iaoe. a. ia eiino?aiioth aeey iieaou
oiaa?ia, eoieaiiuo ca ?oaaaeii. Aeey iaania/aiey yeaeaaeaioiinoe iaiaia
iaiaoiaeeii ciaoue aaethoiue eo?n a aeaea niioiioaiey iaaeaeo
iaoeeiiaeueiie e eiino?aiiie aaethoaie. Aae. e. - yoi oeaia aeaiaaeiie
aaeeieoeu iaeiie no?aiu, au?aaeaiiay a aeaiaaeiuo aae-oeao ae?oaie. A.e.
iiaoo eiaoue ?aciua ?aaeeiu: ieaaathuea e oeene?iaaiiua. Oeene?iaaiiua
a.e. i?aaeiieaaatho inouanoaeaiea iaiaia iaeiie aaethou ia ae?oaoth ia
iniiaa cieioiai ia?eoaoa. Cieioie ia?eoao ii?aaeaeyaony ?aaainoaii
cieioiai niaea?aeaiey aaetho. O.a.e. eieaaeaony aie?oa cieioiai ia?eoaoa
a caaeneiinoe io ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey. Iaeiaei yoe ia?aie/aiey ia
i?aauoatho 1% ia?eoaoa. Eia/a ainoaea?noai aoaeao auioaeaeaii iiauneoue
eee iiieceoue cieioia niaea?aeaiea naiae aaethou. Ieaaathuee a.e.
i?aaeiieaaaao iaiai iaeiie a. ia ae?oaoth a caaeneiinoe io ni?ina e
i?aaeeiaeaiey. Aeaeu i.a.e.: naiaiaeii ieaaaoue a.e.(eneeth/eoaeueii
iiae aicaeaenoaeai ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey ia aaethoiii ?uiea - aeieea?)
- iiaoo ieaaaoue niaianoii(no?aiu eniieuecothuea yoio aeae a.e. a
?an/aoao ae?oa n ae?oaii oeene?otho eieaaaiey eo?nia, a n ae?oaeie
no?aiaie eniieuecotho ?aaeei naiaiaeiiai ieaaaiey- no?aiu "Iauaai
?uiea", e?iia Aaeeeia?.) -iiaoo ieaaaoue naycaiii n ae?oaeie
aaethoaie.(no?aiu eniieuecothuea aeaiiue aeae onoaiaaeeaatho aeanoeoth
oeenaoeeth naiaai aaethoiiai eo?na ii ioiioaieth e aaethoa iaeiie ec
aaaeoueo no?ai e aeieea?o NOA). O.A. Aae. e. ii?aaeaeyaony:

· iieoiaoaeueneie niiniaiinoueth eaaeaeie ec aaetho, eioi?ay caaeneo io
ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey oiaa?a;

· eo ea/anoaaiiuo i?eciaeia;

· ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey iaoeeiiaeueiie aaethou ia aaethoiii ?uiea;

· i6ania/aiiinoe aaethou iaoeeiiaeueiui aiaaonoaii no?aiu;

· onoie/eainoe aaethou;

· aeiaa?eai e iae.

Iiieii iiieiaeueiiai eo?na nouanoaoao e ?aaeueiue aaethoiue eo?n,
eioi?ue ii?aaeaeyaony ioiineoaeueii oeai oiaa?ia ec ?aciuo no?ai a
iaeiie aaethoa. Eioe?iaeo aaetho inouanoaeytho ainoaea?noaaiiua eee
e?oiiua eiiia?/aneea aaiee. Oi?aiaey eiino?aiiuie a. aaaeaony ia
aaethoiuo 6e?aeao (Eiiaeiineay ae?aea).

6 yia.1992 iniiaaia IIAA(ia ainoaea?noaaiiay i?aaiecaoeey, oioy OeA?
yaeyaony o/?aaeeoaeai e i?iaiaeeo aeoeaio th iieeoeeo ia aae th oiii
?uiea, aeeyy ia eo?n ?oaey.(iaoiae iiaeaea?aeaiey).

















21.Oeiainu i?aaei?eyoee. Eo ianoi a oeiainiaie nenoaia e ain. oei.
Iieeoeea.

Oeiainu eii. i?aaiecaoeee e i?aaei?eyoee - yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey,
aicieeathuea a i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia,
i?iecaiaenoaa ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee, ia?aciaaiey nianoaaiiuo
oeiainiauo ?ano?nia, i?eaea/aiea aiaoieo enoi/ieeia oeiaine?iaaiey, eo
?ani?aaeaeaiey e eniieueciaaiey.

Oeiainu i?aaei?eyoee iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue ii neaaeothuei iai?aaeaieyi:

-naycaiiua n oi?ie?iaaieai onoaaiiai eaieoaea

-naycaiiua n i?iecaiaenoaii e ?aaeecaoeeae i?iaeoeoeee

-naycaiiua n yienneae e ?aciauaieai oe. aoiaa, acaeiiui e?aaeeoiaaieai,
aeieaaui o/anoeai a nicaeaiee niaianoiuo i-ee

-iaaeaeo oicyenoaothuei noauaeoii e aai iiae?acaeaeaieyie, auoanoiyuae
i?aaiecaoeeae

-iaaeaeo eii. i?aaiecaoeeyie e i?aaei?eyoeyie e io aeaeueiuie
?aaioieeaie - i?e ?ani?aaeaeaiee e eniieueciaaiee aeioiaeia, auionea e
?aciauaiee aeoeee, iaeeaaoeee, auieaou aeeaeaeaiaeia ii aeoeeyi e
i?ioeaioia ii iaeeaaoeey

-iaaeaeo i?aaiecaoeeyie e oeiainiaie nenoaiie ainoaea?noaa i?e oieaoa
iaeiaia, iieo/aiee anneaiiaaiee ec athaeaeaoa, i?aaeinoaaeaiea iaeiaiauo
eueaio.

-iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie e aaieianeie nenoaiie a i?ioeanna o?aiaiey
aeaiaa a aaieao, iieo/aiey e iiaaoaiey nnoae, oieaou i?ioeaioia ca
e?aaeeou

-iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie e no?aoiauie eiiiaieyie - i?e no?aoiaaiee
eiouanoaa, ?aaioieeia, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai e eiiia?/aneiai ?eneia.

Ooieoeee oeiainia i?aaei?eyoee: 1)?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay - i?ienoiaeeo
oi?ie?iaaiea ia?aiia/aeueiiai eaieoaea ca n/ao aeeaaeia o/?aaeeoaeae,
nicaeaiea iniiaiuo i?iii?oeee a ?ani?aaeaeaiee aeioiaeia e oeiainiauo
?ano?nia 2) eiio?ieueiay - noieiinoiie o/ao cao?ao ia i?iecaiaenoai e
?aaeecaoeeth i?iaeoeoeee e oi?ie?iaaiea aeioiaeia e aeai. oiiaeia.

I?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee oeiainia i?aaei?eyoey:

-i?eioeei oic.naiinoiyoaeueiinoe

-i?eioeei naiioeiaine?iaaiey

-i?eioeei iaoa?eaeueiie caeioa?aniaaiiinoe

-i?eioeei iaoa?eaeueiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe

-i?eioeei iaania/aiey oeiainiauo ?aca?aia (?aca?aiue oiiae ia iaiaa 15
i?ioeaioia e ia aieaa 50).

Oaeoi?u, aeeythuea ia i?aaiecaoeeth oeiainia i?aaei?eyoey

-i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiaay oi?ia oicyenoaiaaiey

-io?aneaaua oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneea iniaaiiinoe.

Oeiainu i?aaei?eyoee ?acee/iuo oi?i nianoaaiiinoe
(ain.,ioieoeeiaeueiua, aeoeeiia?iua, /anoiua, a?aiaeiua) aoiaeyo a
oeiainiaoth nenoaio ?innee e i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iniiao oeiainiaie
nenoaiu. Io ninoiyiey oeiainia i?aaei?eyoee caaeneo iauaa oei.
iieiaeaiey no?aiu. I?eaueue i?aaei?eyoee - enoi/iee oeiaine?iaaiey
iio?aaiinoae naiiai i?aaei?eyoey, a oaeaea ain-aa. A aeaea iaeiaia
ieaoaaeae i?aaei?eyoey iaiieiytho o?e athaeaeaoa: oaaea?aeueiue,
?anioaeeeaineee e ianoiue. I?e/ai i?e ?ani?aaeaeaiee i?eauee a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue auiieiythony iaycaoaeuenoaa ia?aae ain-aii. Iaeiae i?yiua
(iaeia ia i?eaueue 32i?ioeaioa, einaaiiua (IAeN, aeoeec,
oaiiae.iioeeiu).********

22.Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ?an/aoiua iia?aoeee

Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue e?aaeeo eeanneoeoee?oaony ii i?eciaeai: 1)ii oa?aeoa?o
e?aaeeoia - iaaeainoaea?noaaiiue e /anoiue; 2)ii oi?ia - ain.,
aaieianeee, eiiia?/aneee; 3)ii ianoo a nenoaia aiaoiae oi?aiaee -
e?aaeeoiaaiea yenii?oa, e?aaeeoiaaiea eiii?oa.

Iia?aoeee a ei. aaethoa e n oe. aoiaaaie a ei. aaethoa
iiae?acaeaeythony:

-oaeouea aaethoiua iia?aoeee

-aaethoiua iia?aoeee, naycaiiua n aeaeaeaieai eaieoaea.

Oaeouea aae. iia?aoeee:

-ia?aaiaeu a ?O e ec ?O ei. aaethou aeey inou. ?an/aoia aac ion?i/ee
ieaoaaea ii yenii?oo e eiii?oo oiaa?ia, ?aaio, oneoa, a oaeaea
inouanoaeaiea ?an/aoia, naycaiiuo n e?aaeeoiaaieai yenii?oii-eiii?oiuo
iia?aoeee ia n?ie ia aieaa 180 aeiae

-iieo/aiea e i?aaeinoaaeaiea oeiainiauo e?aaeeoia ia n?ie ia aieaa 180
aeiae

-ia?aaiaeu a ?O e ec ?O i?ioeaioia, aeeaeaeaiaeia, ae?oaeo aeioiaeia ii
aeeaaeai, eiaanoeoeeyi, e?aaeeoai e i?i/ei iia?aoeeyi, naycaiiui n
aeaeaeaieai eaieoaea

--ia?aaiaeu iaoi?aiaiai oa?aeoa?a, aeeth/ay ia?aaiaeu noii ca?ieaou,
iainee, ianeaaenoaa e ae?.

Aaethoiua iia?aoeee, nayc. n aeaeaeaieai eaieoaea:

-i?yiua eiaanoeoeee - aeiaeaiey a onoaaiue eaieoae i?aaei?eyoey n
oeaeueth ecaea/aiey aeioiaea e iieo/aiey i?aa ia o/anoea a oi?aaeaiee
i?aaei?eyoeai

-ii?ooaeueiua eiaanoeoeee - i?eia?aoaiea oe.aoiaa (iia?aoeee n aeoeeyie
e aaenaeyie ?aaeaiaioe?othony AEaiaaneie eiiaaioeeae)

-ia?aaiaeu a iieaoo i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia eiouanoai, aeeth/ay caieth e
aa iaae?a

-i?aaeinoaaeaiea e iieo/aiea ion?i/ee ieaoaaea ia n?ie, aieaa 280 aeiae
ii yenii?oo e eiii?oo oiaa?ia, ?aaio, oneoa

-i?aaeinoaaeaiea e iieo/aiea oeiainiauo e?aaeeoia ia n?ie ia aieaa 180
aeiae

-ae?oaea aaethoiua iia?aoeee, ia yaeythueany oaeoueie.

A ea/anoaa ?an/aoia iaaeaeo no?aiaie eniieuecoaony:

-ie?iaua aeaiueae eee cieioi

-aaethoa - aeai. aaeeieoea no?aiu, eniieuecoaiay a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
?an/aoao - aeieea? NOA, NAe? (ioiioaiea eo?na iaeiie aaethou e
ii?aaeaeaiiiio iaai?o ae?oaeo aaetho - aeieea? NOA, ia?ea, ooio, o?aie,
eaia) e YETH - aeai. aaeeieoea no?ai AN.-

-iaaeaaieianeea ?an/aou, iniiaa eioi?uo - aaciaee/iue ?an/ao.

-?an/aou ii ei??aniiiaeaioneei n/aoai (?anoe?aiiay aaetho. eeoeaicey
aeaao i?aai ia onoaiiaeaiea ei??. ioiioaiee n oanoueth aaieaie ec
?acaeouo no?ai ie?a; Aaia?aeueiay aaetho. eeoeaicey aeaao i?aai ia
onoaiiaeaiea ei??. ioiioaiee n oai /eneii ca?oaaaeiuo aaieia, eioi?ia
aaie ni/oao ioaeiui). Iaaeaeo eeeaioii e aaieii caeeth/aaony aeiaiai? i
?an/aoii-eanniaii ianeoaeeaaiee n ioe?uoeai niioaaonoaothuaai
aaieianeiai n/aoa.

-a iaaeae. ?an/aoao eniieuecothony /aee aeey inouanoaeaiey eiiia?/aneeo
ieaoaaeae, ii a iniiaiii i?e ieaoaaeao iaoi?aiaiai oa?aeoa?a, aei?iaeiua
/aee

-?an/aou aee?aaeeoeaaie (iiaeoaa?aeaeaiiua, iaiiaeoaa?aeaeaiiua o?aoueei
aaieii, ?aaieueaa?iua, oee?eoey?iua (aeey eniieuec. ethaui aaieii),
?aca?aiua)

-?an/aou ieanoeeiauie ea?oi/eaie (ea?oi/ea oo?ecia e ?acaea/aiee -
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua e ei?ii?aoeaiua; ea?oi/ee iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo nenoai -
AECA, Aa?iea?ae-Ianoa?ea?ae, Aia?eeai yeni?ann).















23.E?eoa?ee ioeaiee oei.iieiaeaiey i-y

I?eioeeiu i?aaiecoeee oei.i?aaei?eyoee neaaeothuea:

-i?eioeei oic naiinoiyoaeueiinoe

-i?eioeei naiioeiaine?iaaiey

-i?eioeei iao. caeioa?aniaaiiinoe e ioaaonoaaiiinoe

-i?eioeei iaania/aiey oei. ?aca?aia (ia iaiaa 15 e ia aieaa 50i?ioeaioia
iaeiaiiaeaaaaiie i?eauee).

Oaeoi?u, aeeythuea ia i?aaiecaoeeth oeiainia i-y:

i?a-i?aaiaay oi?ia e oaoieei-yeii. iniaaiiinoe io?anee.

Iieiaeeoaeueiua oei. ?acoeueoaou naeaeaoaeuenoaotho ia yooaeoeaiinoe
i?eiaiyaiuo oi?i e iaoiaeia oi?aaeaiey oei. ?ano?naie.

Au?o/ea io ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee yae. iniiaiui enoi/ieeii aiciauaiey
cao?a/aiiuo n?aaenoa; naiaa?aiaiiia iinooieaiea au?o/ee iaania/eaaao
iai?a?uaiinoue e?oaiiai?ioa n?aaenoa.

I?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu - iniiaiua e iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa.

Nianoaaiiua n?aaenoaa i?aaei?eyoey - ia?aiia/aeueiua aciinu
o/?aaeeoaeae, aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey e i?eaueue. I?eaea/aiiua
n?aaenoaa - n?aaenoaa io i?iaeaaee aeoeee. Caaiiua n?aaenoaa -
aeieain?i/iua nnoaeu eii. aaieia. N?aaenoaa oaae. athaeaeaoa - ia
aica?aoiie eee aacaica?aoiie iniiaa.

Iai?ioiua oiiaeu - i?oaeey o?oaea, oaoieea.

Oi?ie?iaaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia yaeyaony iniiaie aeey ia/aea
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ?acoeueoao eioi?ie - aiiaue nicaeaiiay
noieiinoue, oi anoue ca?ieaoa ?aaioieeia e i?eaueue.

I?eaueue - /enoue aeioiae i?aaei?eyoey, ?aaiue iauae au?o/ea ca au/aoii
ecaea?aeae. I?eaueue yaeyaony enoi/ieeii oeiaine?iaaiey iio?aaiinoae i-y
e ain-aa e caaeneo io neaae. oaeoi?ia: - oaoiieiaee; ?aaeeia yeiiiiee ai
anao caaiueyo i?-aa; nieaeaiey ecaea?aeae e onei?aiey iai?a/eaaaiinoe.

*enoay i?eaueue oi?ie?oao oiiae iaeiieaiey e oiiae iio?aaeaiey
i?aaei?eyoey.

Oeaeue i?aaei?eyoey - ia oieueei iieo/aiea i?eauee, ii e iaania/aiea
aunieie ?aioaaaeueiinoe. ?aioaaaeueiinoue - yoi noaiaiue aeioiaeiinoe
i-y. O?e aeaea ?aio.:

-?aio.i?iaeoeoeee - i?ioeaioiia ioiioaiea i?eauee io ?aaeecaoeee
i?iaeoeoeee e cao?aoai ia aa ecaioiaeaiea

-?aio.i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia - i?ioeaioiia ioiioaiea aaeainiaie
i?eauee e n?aaeiaaiaeiaie noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia e iai?ioiuo
n?aaenoa

-?aio.aeiaeaiee a i?aaei?eyoea - i?ioeaiaoiia ioiioaiea /enoie i?eauee e
noieiinoe eiouanoaa i?aaei?eyoey.

A oneiaeyo noaiiaeaiey ?uiea aaaeiie caaea/ae yaeyaony ia oieueei
auiieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoa ia?aae athaeaeaoii, aaieaie, iinoaaueeaie,
ia?niiaeii. Ae?oaay aaaeiay caaea/a - ?ac?aaioea oeiainiaie no?aoaaee e
oaeoeee i?aaiecaoeee. Oeaeue - noaaeeueiay ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoue
(eeeaeaeiinoue) i?aaei?eyoey, onoie/eainoue, ?aioaaaeueiinoue.



24.Iaiaoiaeeiinoue e?aaeeoa

E?aaeeo - oi?ia aeaeaeaiey nnoaeiiai eaieoaea. ?uiie nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia
ninoieo: 1)aeaiaaeiiai ?uiea (e?aoein?i/iua e?aaeeoiua iia?aoeee,
ianeoae. aeaeaeaiea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa); 2)?uiie eaieoaeia (n?aaeia- e
aeieain?i/iua iia?aoeee, ianeoae. aeaeaeaiea iniiaiuo n?aaenoa)
3)oiiaeiaue ?uiie (e?aaeeoiua iia?aoeee n oe. aoiaaaie e 4)eiioa/iue
?uiie (iia?aoeee n iaaeaeaeeiinoueth).

Iniiaiua o/anoieee ?uiea, eioi?ua inouanoaeytho aeaeaeaiea ia ?uiea:

-ia?ae/iua eiaanoi?u - aeaaeaeueoeu naiaiaeiuo oeiainiauo ?ano?nia,
iiaeeecoaiua aaieaie e i?aa?auaaiua a nnoaeiue eaieoae

-niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua iin?aaeieee - aaiee - i?eaeaeatho (aeeoioee?otho)
aeai. n?aaenoaa, i?aa?auatho eo a nnoaeiue eaieoae e ca i?ioeaiou
ia?aaeatho aai caaiueeai

-caaiueee - th?. , oec. eeoea e ain-ai, eniuouaathuea iaaeinoaoie a oei.
?ano?nao.

Iinoiyiii ?anoouee ni?in ia oneoae aaieia ii?aaeaeee ?acaeoea aaieianeie
nenoaiu ca n/ao ia?aeeaa a iaa eaieoaeia e ae?oaeo noa? aeayo-noe. Aaiee
eniieueciaaeenue a ea/anoaa ?aaoeyoi?ia ?uii/iie yeiiiieee.

Aeaeaeaiea nnoaeiiai eaieoaea - iai?a?uaiue i?ioeann - aicieeaao
iio?aaiinoue ai a?aiaiiuo aeiiieieoaeueiuo n?aaenoaao eee a?aiaiii
inaiaiaeaeathony aeai. ?ano?nu, e?aaeeoiue iaoaieci ?aaoee?oao aaee/eiu
n?aaenoa, ioaeiuo aeey niaa?oaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Iniaaiii aaaeiay ?ieue e?aaeeoa a i?aaiecaoeee iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa
iai?ioiiai eaieoaea. E?aaeeoiue iaoaieci nicaeaao oneiaey, eioi?ua
iaania/eaatho aeai. n?aaenoaaie iio?aaiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?auaiey.
Aeaaiaea?y e?aaeeoo i?aaei?eyoey ?aniieaaatho oaeie noiiie iai?ioiiai
eaieoaea, eioi?ay iaiaoiaeeia ei aeey ii?iaeueiie ?aaiou. Ni/aoaiea
nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa e caaiiuo aeaao aiciiaeiinoue ?aoeeiiaeueii
eniieueciaaoue iniiaiua n?aaenoaa.

Iaiaoiaeeiinoue a eii. e?aaeeoa aicieeaao a ?acoeueoaoa ianiaiaaeaiey
a?aiaie i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?auaiey eaieoaea. I?iaeaaea oiaa?ia a e?aaeeo
- niinianoaoao iai?a?uaiinoe i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa, onei?yao iai?io
eaieoaea e oaaee/eaaao i?eaueue.

Enoiaey ec ooieoeee e?aaeeoa - iaiaoiaeeii ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea ia
aica?aoiie iniiaa a?aiai6ii naiaiaeiuo aeai. ?ano?nia, iaiaoiaeeii
oi?aaeaiea ia iniiaa e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaiee anai i?ioeannii aeai.
iai?ioa.**************













































25.?aaoee?iaaiea aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu.

E?aaeeo a oneiaeyo ia?aoiaea ?innee e ?uieo i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oi?io
aeaeaeaiey nnoaeiiai eaieoaea, o.a. aeaiaaeiiai eaieoaea,
i?aaeinoaaeyaiiai a nnoaeo. ?acee/atho 2 iiiyoey e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu:
1)niaieoiiinoue e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaiee, oi?i e iaoiaeia e?aaeeoiaaiey
(ooieoeeiiaeueiay oi?ia); 2) niaieoiiinoue e?aaeeoii-oeiainiauo
o/?aaeaeaiee, aeeoioee?othueo naiaiaeiua aeaiaaeiua n?-aa e
i?aaeinoaaeythueo eo a nnoaeo (einoeoooeeiiaeueiay oi?ia). A ia?aii
aniaeoa e?aaeeoiay nenoaia i?aaenoaaeaia aaieianeei, iio?aaeoaeueneei,
eiiia?/aneei, ainoaea?noaaiiui, iaaeaeoia?iaeiui e?aaeeoii. Anai yoei
aeaeai e?aaeeoa naienoaaiiu niaoeeoe/aneea oi?iu ioiioaiee e iaoiaeu
e?aaeeoiaaiey. ?aaeecotho e i?aaiecotho yoe ioiioaiey
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua o/?aaeaeaiey, ia?acothuea e?aaeeoioth nenoaio ai
aoi?ii (einoeoooeeiiaeueiii) iiieiaiee. Aaaeouei caaiii eino. no?oeoo?u
e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu yaeythony aaiee. E?aaeeoiay nenoaia aieaa oe?ieia e
aieia iiiyoea, /ai aaieianeay nenoaia. Aaie- eiiia?/. o/?aaeaeaiea,
eioi?ia i?eaeaeaao aeai. n?aaenoaa th?. e oec. eeoe e io naiaai eiaie
?aciauaao eo ia oneiaeyo aica?aoiinoe, ieaoiinoe e n?i/iinoe, a oaeaea
inouanoaeyao ?an/aoiua, eiienneiiii-iin?aaeie/aneea e eiua iia?aoeee. A
?innee i?aeoe/anee noi?ie?iaaeanue aeaooo?iaiaaay aaieianeay nenoaia:
1-OeA?, 2 o?iaaiue - eiiia?/aneea aaiee e ae?oaea oeiainiai-e?aaeeoiua
o/?aaeae., inouanoaeythuea ioaeaeueiua aaieianeea iia?aoeee. OeA?
yaeyaony aeaaiui aaieii ainoaea?noaa, ii iacaaenei io ?anii?yaeeoaeueiuo
e eniieieoaeueiuo i?aaiia aeanoe. OeA? - yeiiiie/anee naiinoiyoaeueiia
o/?aaeae., ii inouanoaeyao naie ?anoiaeu ca n/ao nianoaaiiuo aeioiaeia.
Iniiaiuie caaea/aie OeA? yaeythony:

?aaoee?iaaiea aeai. ia?auaiey, iaania/aiea onoie/eainoe ?oaey,
i?iaaaeaiea aaeeiie aeai.-e?aae. iieeoeee, i?aaiecaoeey ?an/aoia e
eanniaiai ianeoaeeaaiey, caueoa eioa?ania aeeaae/eeia. aaieia, iaaeci?
ca aeayoaeueiinoueth eiiia?/. a. e ae?oaeo e?. o/?aaeae. inouanoaeaiea
iia?aoeee ii aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. OeA? inouanoaeyao
aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiia ?aaoee?iaaiea yeiiiieee ain-aa iooai onoaiiaeaiey
ii?i iaycaoaeueiiai ?aca?ae?iaaiey eiiia?/aneeie aaieaie naieo
i?eaea/aiiuo ?ano?nia, o?iaiy o/aoiuo noaaie ii e?aaeeoai eiiia?/.
aaieai, aeiaaaeaiey aei ieo yeiiiie/aneeo ii?iaoeaia, i?iaaaeaiea
iia?aoeee n oe/a. OeA? inouanoaeyao ?aoeiaine?iaaiea eiiia?/. a.,
i?aaeinoaaeyy ei e?aoein?i/iua e?aaeeou e aunooiay e?aaeeoi?ii
iineaaeiae einoaioeee. Aoi?ie o?iaaiue aaieianeie nenoaiu - oe?ieay
naoue eiiia?/. a, iaania/eaathueo e?aaeeoii-?an/aoiia ianeoaeeaaiea,
niaoeeaeueiua aaiee (eiioa/iua - e?aaeeoothuea iiae caeia
iaaeaeaeeiinoe, caiaeueiua - iiae caeia caiaeueiuo o/-eia,
eiaanoeoeeiiiua - inouanoaeythuea iia?aoeee ii auioneo e ?aciauaieth
ei?ii?aoeaiuo oe/a. Iniaia ianoi a e?. n. caieiaao Aiaoyeiiiiaaie,
i?aia?aciaaiiue a aaie ii ianeoaeeaaieth aiaoiaai aeieaa ?O, a oaeaea
Aaie ?aeiino?oeoeee e ?acaeoey, nicaeaiiue ain-aii aeey oeiaine?iaaiey
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo oeaeaauo i?ia?aii n eniieueciaaieai athaeaeaoiuo
?ano?nia ia auaea/o eueaioiuo e?aaeeoia. Oaeaea aoi-aeyo nithcu,
annioeeaoeee, eiini?oeeoiu, niaoeeaeueiua oeiainiai-e?aaeeoiua einoeooou
(e?aaeeoiua nithcu e eiiia?aoeau, oeiainiaua e o?anoiaua eiiiaiee,
no?aoiaua eiiiaiee, /anoiua iaineiiiua oiiaeu e ae?. Oaeei ia?acii, a ?O
iinoaiaiii oi?ne?oaony e?aaeeoiay nenoaia, eioi?ay no?ieony ia oao aea
i?eioeeiao, /oi e a no?aiao n ?acaeoie ?ui.y.

26. Nouiinoue, oi?iu e ooieoeee e?aaeeoa.

E?aaeeo [kredo] - aeiaa?yth. Nnoaeiui eaieoaeii iacuaaaony eaieoae a
aeaiaaeiie oi?ia, i?aaeinoaaeyaiue a nnoaeo aai nianoaaiieeaie ia
oneiaeyo aica?aoiinoe ca ieaoo a aeaea i?ioeaioa. Aeaeaeaiea yoiai
eaieoaea iacuaaaony e?aaeeoii. E?aaeeo - yoi aeaeaeaiea noieiinoe ia
oneiaeyo aica?aoiinoe.

E?. ioi. - aeai. ioiio. oa?aeo. i?aaeinoaae. e aica?aoii nnoae, i?aaiec.
aeai. ?an/., e?aaeeo. eiaano., eniieuec. ain. e?. Aiciee. iaaeaeo a-aii,
i?aaei?., aaieii, ianaeaieai, iauaeo - nnoaeaaiay no-oue (o?iaie
aeaeae.- oa??eo., io?ane., aioo?eio?.)

E?aaeeo - a?aiaiiia caeinoa. aeai. n?-a, iao. oeaiiinoae e iaaeaeae.
ei-aa.

Ooieoeee e?aaeeoa: 1.Ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay, i?e aai iiiiue naiaiaeiua
aeaiaaeiua eaieoaeu e aeioiaeu aeeoioee?othony e i?aa?auathony a
nnoaeiue eaieoae, eioi?ue ia?aaeaaony ca ieaoo ai a?aiaiiia
iieueciaaiea. 2.Yienneiiiay (/anoe/ii caiauay iaee/iua aeaiueae
e?aaeeoiuie aeaiueaaie e onei?aiea ia?auaiey aeaiaa). Yeiiiiey
ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa. 3.Eiio?ieueiay ooieoeey - aaie aeanoei
eiio?iee?oao yoio e?aaeeo. 4.Onei?aiea IOI. 5.Ianeoaeeaaiea
oiaa?iiai?ioa.

I?eioeeiu e?aaeeoa: 1.N?i/iinoue. 2.I?eioeei aica?aoiinoe. 3.Ieaoiinoue
- oeaia e?aaeeoa caaeneo io ni?ina ia e?aaeeo. Nnoaeiue i?ioeaio.
4.Oeaeaaie oa?aeoa? - i?aaeiieaaaao aoaeouoth i?eaueue. 5.Iaoa?eaeueiay
iaania/aiiinoue (o.a. caeia eiouanoaa).

A ?innee aeaenoaoao aeaooo?iaiaaay e?aaeeoiay nenoaia: Oeaio?aeueiue
Aaie - aaieianeea einoeooou e iaaaieianeea e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee.

Aeaeu e oi?iu e?aaeeoa.

aauanoa. i?iyae. e?aae. naeaeee

Aeaiaaeiue, oiaa?iue, iaoeeiiaeueiue, iaaeaeoia?iaeiue.

Eiiia?/. - acaeiinaycue oi?a. e e?aae. naeaeee 2 i?aaei?.( iieoi. e
i?iaeaaaoe), ?aaoee?. oic. ioiioaiee, eniieuec. aaenaeae

oiaa?.o.e?aaeeoa, ?ano?nu ia anaaaea a?ai. naia.

Aaie. e?. - aeaeae. nnoaeiiai eai-ea, i?aaeinoaae. aaieaie e ae?. e?aae.
einoeoooaie ai a?ai iieuecia. ia one. n?i/i., ieaoi., aica?. E?aaeeoi?u
- aaiee e ae?. einoeooou, caaiueee - ain-ai, th?. e oec. eeoea

ii oa?-?o i?aaeino. - i?yiua (aac iin?aaeieeia), einaaiua - (n
iin?aaeieeaie)

ii n?ieai - e?aoein?i/. (1ae.-1a.), n?aaeian?i/i.(1-3a.), aeieain?i/iua
(>3a.)

ii iacia/. - oeiaine?.oae. aeayo-oe (iiiieiaiea iai?. n?-a, oiaa?ia,
caiania), oeiai. eiaano. aeayo-oe

ii noaiaie ?enea - noaiaea?oiay - i?aa. ioi?ie., i?iaa?.
e?aeaeeoiniinia. caai.), n iiauo. ?eneii (ia iiaaoaia,caeia oa?.no-oue)

i?ieiiae?ia., i?in?i/aiiua, aaciaaeaaeiiai iiaaoaiey

Iio?aa. e?. - ioiio. iaaeaeo e?aaeeoi?ii e caaiu. ii iiaiaeo eiia/iiai
iio?aaeaiey, oeaeaaie oa?-?, aaie. e iaaaie., aeaeu -ia

ee/iua, iauaoic. ioaeaeu, aiciau. cao?ao eai. oa?-?a), oiaa?i. e aeai.,
iaeiia?. eee /anoyie iiaao.

Eeceiaiaue- ioiioaiey iaaeaeo th?eae. eeoeaie ii iiaiaeo ia?aaea/e a
a?aiaeo n?-a o?oaea, oeiaine?. e i?eia?. aeaeae. e iaaeaeae. ei-aa.
Iauaeo - ethaia ei-ai, noauaeou - e.-aeaoaeue, e.-iieo/aoaeue,
i?iecaiaeeoaeue, oeiainiaue e iia?aoeaiue, n?i/i.(iae- ii?aciaue) e
aiciai., /enoue (?ano. ii ianeoae. ia a?aiaeaoi?a) e iieiue, aioo?.,
iaaeaeoia?. e niaoaiiue,

Eiioa/iue - nnoaeu iiae caeia iaaeaeaeeiiai ei-aa (iao-ny a nianoa. o
caaiueea), aaenaeue, oe.a. E?aaeeoi?u - iau/iua eee niaoeeae. aaiee,
caaiueee - oec. eeoea n eiioaeie

Eiiaa?aeiue - i?aaeinoaae. OeA eiii. aaieai iiae caeia a.oe.a. n?ieii
aei 30 aeiae, nia/aea % noaaea, a iioii noiia e?aae. % noaaea -
oaa?aeay aei 7 aeiae -24%, 7-14 aeiae - 48%, eee ia aoeoe. iooai
iona/aiey. I?aai iieo/aiey - aaiee n aunieie eeeaeaei.

Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue - i?aaeinoaae. e?. ?an. iaeiie no?aiu ae?oaie,
iaaeainoaea?noa., /enoi aaie., i?ii?oe. iiaao. i?ia?anne?., aaeeiia?.
******************



27. ?uiie oeaiiuo aoiaa. Aai o/anoieee.

?OeA yaeyaony ninoaaiie /anoueth oeiainiaiai ?uiea, eioi?ue aeaeeony ia
aeaiaaeiue ?uiie(ana eino?oiaiou oei., naycaiiua n e?aoein?i/iui
ia?auaieai) e ?uiie eaieoaeia(n?aaeia e aeieain?i/iua e?aaeeou e oeaiiua
aoiaae - aeoeee, iaeeaaoeee e o.ae.)

Ia ?uiea oeaiiuo aoiaa eee oiiaeiaii ?uiea i?iaeathony e iieoiathony ca
aeaiueae oeaiiua aoiaae a aeaea aeoeee iaeeaaoeee, aaenaeae, eioa?aeiuo
aeeaoia e o.ae. ?acee/atho ia?ae/iue ?uiie i?iaeaaee iiauo auiouaiiuo
aoiaa iinea eo yiennee e aoi?e/iue ?uiie i?iaeaaee oaea ia?auathueony
aoiaa.

Oiiaeiaue ?uiie enoi?e/anee ia/eiaao ?acaeaaoueny ia iniiaa nnoaeiiai
eaieoaea, o.e. iieoiea oeaiiuo aoiaa icia/aao ia /oi eiia, eae ia?aaea/o
/anoe aeaiaaeiiai eaieoaea a nnoaeo.

Eeth/aaie caaea/ae, eioi?oth aeieaeai auiieiyoue ?uiie oeaiiuo aoiaa
yaeyaony i?aaeaea anaai iaania/aiea oneiaee aeey i?eaea/aiey eiaanoeoeee
ia i?aaei?eyoey, aeinooi yoeo i?aaei?eyoee e aieaa aeaoaaiio, ii
n?aaiaieth n aaieianeeie e?aaeeoaie eaieoaeo.

Eae e ethaie ae?oaie ?uiie, ?OeA neeaaeuaaaony ec ni?ina, i?aaeeiaeaiey
e o?aaiiaaoeaathuae eo oeaiu. Ni?in nicaeaaony eiiiaieyie e n iaeioi?uo
ii? ainoaea?noaii, eioi?ui ia oaaoaao nianoaaiiuo aeioiaeia aeey
oeiaine?iaaiey eiaanoeoeee. Aecian e i?aaeoaeuenoaa aunooiatho ia ?OeA
/enouie caaiueeaie (aieueoa caieiatho, /ai iaeaeaeeaatho), a /enouie
e?aaeeoi?ii yaeyaony ianaeaiea, ee/iue naeoi?, o eioi?iai ii ?aciui
i?e/eiai aeioiae i?aauoaao noiio ?anoiaeia ia oaeouaa iio?aaeaiea e
eiaanoeoeee a iaoa?eaeueiua aeoeau (aeaaiui ia?acii aeeeuea).

Iniiaiuie o/anoieeaie ?OeA yae. Oiiaeiaua ae?aee e eiaanoeoeeiiiua
oiiaeu.

Oeaiiie aoiaaie yaeyaony aeieoiaio onoaiiaeaiiie oi?iu e iaycaoaeueiuo
?aeaeceoia oaeinoiaa?ythuee eiouanoaaiiua i?aaa, inouanoaeaiea eee
ia?aaea/a eioi?uo aiciiaeiu oieueei i?e aai i?aaeuyaeaiee.

OeA - yoi oi?ia nouanoaiaaiey eaieoaea, ioee/iay io aai oiaa?iie,
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiie e aeaiaaeiie oi?iu, eioi?ay iiaeao ia?aaeaaaoueny
aianoi iaai naiiai, ia?auaoueny ia ?uiea e i?eiineoue aeioiae.

OeA - yoi oaeay oi?ia oeenaoeee aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie
?uiea, eioi?ay naia yaeyaony iauaeoii yoeo ioiioaiee, o.a. caeeth/aiea
naeaeee eee eaeiai-eeai niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo aai o/anoieeaie ninoieo a
ia?aaea/a, eee eoiea-i?iaeaaea OeA a iaiai ia aeaiueae eee oiaa?.

OeA - i?aaenoaaeoaeue eaieoaea, yae-ny oeeoeaiui eaieoaeii.

Aeaeu OeA

E oeaiiui aoiaaai ioiinyony ainoaea?noaaiiua oeaiiua aoiaae, oeaiiua
aoiaae noauaeoia ?O, i?aaiia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey, ei?ii?aoeaiua
iaeeaaoeee, aeoeee, aaenaey, /aee, aeeeeuiua na?oeoeeaou,
eiaanoeoeeiiiua iae, i?eaaoecaoeeiiiua oeaiiua aoiaae, aeaiiceoiua e
naa?aaaoaeueiua na?oeoeeaou, aaieianeea naa?aaaoaeueiua eieaeee ia
i?aaeuyaeoaey.

Eeeaeaeiinoue oeaiiie aoiaae - yoi aiciiaeiinoue aa auno?ie i?iaeaaee
aac nouanoaaiiuo iioa?ue noieiinoe.

Yienneiiiua oeaiiua aoiaae - aeoeee e iaeeaaoeee.

?uiie ia?ae/iue e aoi?e/iue.



Aeae ?ano?naOeACaieyEiioaeaIaaeaeaeeiinoueAeoeee,eiioaea,aeeeeuiue
na?oeoeeaoI?iaeoeoeeyEiiinaiaio(ia?auathuaany neeaaeneia naeae-ai),
ia?au-ny oiaa?iue oueth/a?niue eiio?aeo, oiaa?iue
iioeeiiAeaiueaeIaeeaaoeee, aaenaey, aeaiiceoiue na?oeoeeao,/ae,
aaieianeee e?aaeeo

Aeoeey - yienneiiiay OeA, cae?aieythuay i?aaa aa aea?aeaoaey(aeoeeiia?a)
ia iieo/aiea /anoe i?eauee AI a aeaea aeeaeaeaiaeia, ia o/anoea a
oi?aaeaiee e ia /anoue eiouanoaa, inoathuaainy iinea aai eeeaeaeaoeee.



Iaeeaaoeey - aeieaiaia iaycaoaeuenoai yieoaioa ia?aae eiaanoi?ii. Yoi
OeA n oeene?iaaiiui aeioiaeii, o.e. % ia caaeneo io ?acoeueoaoia ?aaiou
yieoaioa e iaiaa?eaathony ca?aiaa.

I?iecaiaeiua OeA - oaeinoiaa?ytho i?aai aeaaeaeueoea ia iieoieo eee
i?iaeaaeo ia?ae/iuo OeA. Yoi aao/a?(aeae i?aai ia i?eia?aoaiea aeoeee
i?eaaoece?oaiuo i?aaei?eyoee), iioeeii(ia?aaeaao i?aai ia iieoieo eee
i?iaeaaeo ae?oaie OeA ii ii?aaeaeaiiie oeaia aei e(eee) ia
ii?aaeaeaiioth aoaeouoth aeaoo).

Aeaiiceoiua (aeey THE) e naa?aaaoaeueiua (aeey oec.eeoe) na?oeoeeaou -
naeaeaoaeuenoaa aaieia i aianaiee n?aaenoa, aeathuea i?aai ia iieo/aiea
aeeaaea e iaiai?aiiuo i?ioeaioia. Yoi ?aciiaeaeiinoue n?i/iuo aeeaaeia,
eioi?ua iiaoo auoue ia?ai?iaeaiu. I?iaeathony ia oiiaeiauo ae?aeao.

Aaenaeue - aeieaiaia iayc-ai, ninoaaeaiiia ii ii?aaeaeaiiie c-iii oi?ia
e aeathuaa aai aeaaeaeueoeo aaconeiaiia i?aai o?aaiaaoue iaiai?aiioth
noiio ii enoa/aieth oeacaiiiai n?iea.

I?inoie A.- ninoaaeyaony aeieaeieeii (aaenaeaaeaoaeai) e niaea?aeeo aai
iaycaoaeuenoai auieaoeoue iaicia/aiioth noiio e?aaeeoi?o
(aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth)

Ia?aaiaeiie. A. (o?aooa) - ninoaaeyaony e?aaeeoi?ii (o?annaioii) e
niaea?aeeo i?eeac aeieaeieeo (o?annaoo) ia oieaoa iaicia/aiiie noiiu
i?aaeuyaeoaeth aaenaey (?aieoaioo).













































29. Iaoiae ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeaiaaeiie iannu.























30. ?ieue e a?aieoeu e?aaeeoa.

A oneiaeyo ia?aoiaea e ?uieo ?ieue e?aaeeoa caeeth/aaony a neaaeothuai:

1) iaiin?aaenoaaiii o/anoaoy a niaia oi?i nianoaaiiinoe i?e
eoiea-i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia, e?aaeeo niinianoaoao aania?aaieiinoe iai?ioa
oiiaeia a i?ioeanna aini?iecaiaenoaa;

2) aaieianeee e?aaeeo neoaeeo iaoaieciii, i?e iiiiue eioi?iai
nicaeathony aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa, iaiaoiaeeiua a i?ioeanna
aini?iecaiaenoaa: iniiaie aeey iiyaeaiey aeaiaa eae n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea e
n?aaenoaa ia?auaiey neoaeeo e?aaeeo. Ia iniiaa e?aaeeoiuo iia?aoeee
aaiea, eo ?anoe?aiey eee noaeaiey niaeanii e?aaeeoiui e eanniaui ieaiai,
?aaoee?oaony auione e ecuyoea aeaiaa, eiio?ieue ca aeaiaaeiui
ia?auaieai;

3)ia iniiaa e?aaeeoa inouanoaeyaony aaieianeee eiio?ieue ca auiieiaieai
aeiaiai?ia a oicyenoaa. Aica?aoiue oa?aeoa? e?aaeeoa iicaieyao oe?iei
eniieueciaaoue aai eiio?ieue, o.e. auiieiaiea e?aaeeoiuo aeiaiai?ia
aea?o aiciiaeiinoue ca?iueeo aa?iooue nnoaeu aaieo e oieaoeoue i?ioeaiou
a onoaiiaeaiiua n?iee. I?e iiiiue e?aaeeoa aaie iiaeao inouanoaeyoue
eiio?ieue ca anae oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth i?aaei?eyoee -
eeeaioia yoiai aaiea;

4)e?aaeeo ea?aao ?ieue a nieaeaiee ecaea?aeae aini?iecaiaenoaa. Ca n/?o
caiaiu iieiioeaiiuo aeaiaa e?aaeeoiuie i?oaeeyie ia?auaiey e iaee/iuo
aeaiaaeiuo ciaeia aaciaee/iui e?aaeeoiui iai?ioii aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ii
n/aoai aaiea.

Ia aaca e?aaeeoa aanue aeaiaaeiue iai?io niaa?oaaony auno?aa. Onei?yaony
iai?io iaoa?eaeueiuo ?ano?nia e aini?iecaiaenoaaiiue i?ioeann a oeaeii.
E?aaeeo aeeyao ia nieaeaiea ecaea?aeae a noa?a i?iecaiaenoaa /a?ac
aicaeaenoaea iaoaiecia aaieianeiai e?aaeeoiaaiey ia oicyenoai.

A?aieoea e?aaeeoa - i?aaeae, aeiionoeiay oi?ia. Ii?ia auaea/e e?aaeeoa.

1). Yoi i?aaeaeueiay noiia caaeieaeaiiinoe aaieo ii nnoaeai,
onoaiiaeaiiay ieaiii.

2.) Yoi a?aieoea ?ano?nia e?aaeeoa, o.a. noiia ?ano?nia, a i?aaeaeao
eioi?ie iiaeii i?aaeinoaaeyoue nnoaeu. A?aieoeu ?ano?nia e?aaeeoa
ii?aaeaeythony ?acia?aie nnoae oiiaea. A?aieoeu i?aaeinoaaeyaiiai
e?aaeeoa ii?aaeaeythony e?aaeeoiui ieaiii e eiie?aoii au?aaeathony a
eeieoa e?aaeeoiaaiey.

2. Eeanneoeeaoeey a?aieoe e?aaeeoa.

N oi/ee c?aiey aeaeia (ii n?i/iinoe) e?aaeeoia a?aieoeu
iiae?acaeaeythony ia: - a?aieoeu aeieain?i/iiai e?aaeeoa; - a?aieoeu
e?aoein?i/iiai e?aaeeoa.

N oi/ee c?aiey iaoiaeia onoaiiaeaiey a?aieoe e?aaeeoa a?aieoeu
iiae?acaeaeythony ia: - yeiiiie/aneea (ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiua e
aioeoeeiaoeeiiiua (yienneiiiua)); - aaeieieno?aoeaiua.

Nouanoaotho i?ino?ainoaaiiua, a?aiaiiua, ea/anoaaiiua, eiee/anoaaiiua,
iae?iyeiiiie/aneea (aeey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa a oeaeii) e
iee?iyeiiiie/aneea (eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua a?aieoeu), aa?oiea e ieaeiea,
aiaoiea e aioo?aiiea a?aieoeu e?aaeeoa.

A?aieoeu aeieain?i/iiai e?aaeeoa ii?aaeaeythony: 1) ?ano?naie; 2)
n?ieaie ieoiaaiinoe e?aaeeooaiiai iauaeoa.

Naaiaeiy aaiee i?aaeinoaaeytho a iniiaiii e?aoein?i/iua e?aaeeou (95%).

Ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiua a?aieoeu ii?aaeaeythony ?ano?naie. A eaeaaea
noiia e?aaeeoia aeieaeia auoue ?aaia noiia e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia.
Oaeoe/anee noiia e?aaeeoia ia aieueoa noiiu e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia, ii ia
aieaa, /ai ia noiio i?e?inoa i?iecaiaenoaa. i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa
nicaeathony ?ano?nu , a oii /enea e?aaeeoa.

Noiia e?aaeeoia iiaeao auoue iaiueoa noiiu e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia i?e
ia?ooaiee i?eioeeiia e?aaeeoiaaiey (n?i/iinoue, iaania/aiiinoue,
oeaeaaie oa?aeoa? e?aaeeoa). o.i., noiia e?aaeeoia ia i?inoi iaoaie/anee
?aaia noiia e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia, a iia aace?oaony ia yoie noiia, ii iia
iiaeao e ioeeiiyoueny.

Aioeoeeiaoeeiiiua a?aieoeu (yienneiiiua) e?aaeeoa. Ana aeaiaaeiua
n?aaenoaa - iaee/iua e aaciaee/iua - aeieaeiu eiaoue e?aaeeoioth iniiao.
Auaea/a e?aaeeoa oaaee/eaaao eiee/anoai aeaiaa eee aeaiaaeioth ianno,
iiaaoaiea e?aaeeoa oiaiueoaao eiee/anoai aeaiaa (iaee/iuo e
aaciaee/iuo), iiyoiio i?aaeinoaaeaiea nnoae aeieaeii inouanoaeyoueny ia
iae?io?iaia n o/aoii aeaenoaey aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiuo caeiiia. Ia iniiaa
athaeaeaoiuo aeaiaaeiuo aeioiaeia e ?anoiaeia ianaeaiey e ieaia eanniauo
iai?ioia.

Ia o?iaia eiie?aoiuo eiiia?/aneeo aaieia iaycaoaeueii iaaei o/eouaaoue
aeaiiua e?aaeeoiuo ieaiia, o.e. oai ii?aaeaeaiu ?ano?nu e?aaeeoiaaiey
(e?aaeeoiue iioaioeeae eiiia?/aneiai aaiea), neeaaeuaaaiua ec
nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa aaiea, i?eaea/aiiuo n?aaenoa a aeaea aeaiiceoia
aeeaae/eeia e n?aaenoa eiiia?/aneiai aaiea ia iaaeaaieianeii ?uiea,
yiennee. Ae?oaay /anoue e?aaeeoiiai ieaia - iai?aaeaiea (?aciauaiea)
?ano?nia.

Eiee/anoaaiiua a?aieoeu i?eieiatho aeae a oi?ia eeieoia e?aaeeoiaaiey.

Eeieo e?aaeeoiaaiey - yoi i?aaeaeueiay noiia auaea/ e?aaeeoa eee
i?aaeaeueiay noiia caaeieaeaiiinoe aaieo ii nnoaeai, onoaiiaeaiiay
e?aaeeoiui ieaiii.

?acee/atho neaaeothuea aeaeu eeieoia e?aaeeoiaaiey: Ii iacia/aieth:

1.eeieou auaea/ (i?aaeaeueiay noiia auaea/ e?aaeeoia a ieaie?oaiii
ia?eiaea) - onoaiaaeeaaaony ii eaaeaeiio oicyenoaothuaio noauaeoo, ii
eaaeaeiio iauaeoo;

2.eeieo caaeieaeaiiinoe (i?aaeaeueiay noiia caaeieaeaiiinoe ia eiiaoe
ii?aaeaeaiiiai ia?eiaea) onoaiaaeeaaaony ii eaaeaeiio iauaeoo
e?aaeeoiaaiey, ii eaaeaeiio oicyenoaothuaio i?aaio, ii eaaeaeiio
o/?aaeaeaieth aaiea

Ii n?ieai aeaenoaey: auoiaeiie eeieo - i?aaeaeueiay noiia
caaeieaeaiiinoe aaieo ii nnoaeai ia eiiaoe eaa?oaea. Ia i?ioyaeaiee
eaa?oaea noiia caaeieaeaiiinoe iiaeao i?aauoaoue iaeneiaeueioth aaee/eio
ia eiiaoe eaa?oaea.; Aioo?eeaa?oaeueiue eeieo - i?aaeaeueiay noiia
caaeieaeaiiinoe aioo?e eaa?oaea. Yoi eniieuecoaony eae aeiiieieoaeueiue
eeieo e auoiaeiiio. Caaeieaeaiiinoue aeieaeia auoue iiaaoaia aei eiioea
eaa?oaea. Nieaeathueeny eeieo - ?aciiaeaeiinoue aioo?eeaa?oaeueiiai.
Iniaaiiinoue: caaeieaeaiiinoue aioo?e eaa?oaea anaaaea ieaea , /ai ia
ia/aei eaa?oaea. Eiio?ieueiay oeeo?a e?aaeeoiaaiey - ?aciiaeaeiinoue
auoiaeiiai eeieoa, eiaaea oaeoe/aneay caaeieaeaiiinoue caaiueea ia?aae
aaieii no?iai ia ia?aie/eaaaony. Yoa oeeo?a iiaeao auoue i?aauoaia, a
neo/aa i?aauoaiey caaiuee oiea/eaaao aaieo iiauoaiiua i?ioeaiou, yoi
oneiaey aeiaiai?a, a ia naieoeey aaiea.

Ii noauaeoai eeieoe?iaaiey:- eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua aeey eaaeaeiai
i?aaei?eyoey; - aeey eaaeaeiai aaiea; -iauaaaieianeea - aeey anao aaieia

Ii niiniao eniieueciaaiey: - oaa?aeue eeieo;- eiio?ieueiay oeeo?a
e?aaeeoiaaiey



31. Aeaiaaeiua ?aoi?iu a ?innee.

Aeaiaaeiay ?aoi?ia - iieiia eee /anoe/iia i?aia?aciaaiea aeaiaaeiie
nenoaiu, i?iaiaeeiia ainoaea?noaii n oeaeueth oii?yaei/aiey e oe?aieaiey
aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey. Aeaiaaeiay ?aoi?ia inouanoaeyaony ?acee/iuie
IAOIAeAIE (ioeeoeeaoeey, ?anoaa?aoeey, aeaaaeueaaoeey, aeaiiieiaoeey) a
caaeneiinoe io yeiiiie/aneiai iieiaeaiey no?aiu, noaiaie iaanoeaiaiey
aeaiaa, iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa.

Aeaoeyoeey-ecuyoea ec ia?auaiey eceeoieo aeaiaa. Ioeeoeeaoeey - ecuiaiea
noa?uo aeaiaa ec ia?auaiey. Aeaiiieiaoeey - eciaiaiea ianooaaa oeai a
ii?aaeaeaiiii niioiioaiee.

61a. - 1/10, 98a. - 1/1000. A oaeii aea niioiioaiee eciaiythony oeaiu,
oa?eou, c/i, n?ie aeey iaiaia ei?ioeee. Aeaaaeueaaoeey - eciaiaiea eo?na
iaoe. aaethou ii ioiioaieth e eiino?aiiie eee eciaiaiea iaoaeee/.
niaea?aeaiey aeai. aaeeieoeu. ?aaaeueaaoeey - iiauoaiea eo?na aeai. aae.
ii ioiioaieth e eiino?.

?aoi?iu - ea?aeeiaeueiia eciaiaiea ianooaaa oeai. Aeaaiui oneiaeai
i?iaaaeaiey ?aoi?iu yaeyaony iiaeuai i?iecaiaenoaa.

ioeeoeeaoeey - aiioe. neeueii iaanoeaiiaiie aae-oeu e aaaaeaiea iiaie
aaethou

?anoaa?aoeey - ainnoaiiae. i?aaeiaai niaea?ae. aeai. aae-oeu

?aaaeueaaoeey - oaae. aae. eo?na e $, iioii aae. oiiae ?anoaa?.
niaea?ae.

aeaaaeueaaoeey - oiai. cie. niaea?ae. a aeai. aae-oeu

aeaiiieiaoeey - oiai. (oe?oii.) ianooaaa oeai

Aeaiaaeiua ?aoi?iu yaeythony ?aaeeeaeueiie ia?ie icaei?iaeaiey
aeaiaaeiie nenoaiu, eiaaea i?ienoiaeeo aa iieiia eee /anoe/iia
i?aia?aciaaiea n oeaeueth oii?yaei/aiey e oe?aieaiey aeaiaaeiiai
ia?auaiey.

A aei?aaiethoeeiiiie ?innee:

1) 1839-1843 aa. - ?aoi?ia Eiie?eia - aeaaaeueaaoeey anneaiaoeeiiiiai
?oaey e onoaiiaeaiea na?aa?yiiiai iiiiiaoaeeecia. Aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeae
noae na?aa?yiiue ?oaeue n niaea?aeaieai a 1 cieioieea 2,1 aeiee /enoiai
na?aa?a. Anneaiaoeee noaee aniiiiaaoaeueiuie ciaeaie n eo?nii 3 ?oaey 50
eiiaae ca 1 ?oaeue na?aa?a. A 1841 a. auiouaiu iiaua ciaee - e?aaeeoiua
aeeaou - 50 ?oaeaaiai aeinoieinoaa ?aciaieaaaiua ia na?aa?i.

2) 1895-1897 aa - ?aoi?ia Aeooa. Iia aaaea cieioie iiiiiaoaeeeci. Aue
iaeiieai nieeaeiue cieioie caian. Aeaaaeueaaoeey aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu ia
1/3. 5 ?oaeaaay cieioay iiiaoa ii oeaia 7 ?oaeae 50 eiiaae eaaeaeay e 10
?oaeae iiiaoa (eiia?eae). A 1897a. ia/aeny ?aciai e?aaeeoiuo aeeaoia ia
cieioi. Cieioie ?oaeue niaea?aeae 0,774234 a /enoiai cieioa.

3) 1922-1924 aa. Auione iiauo aeaiaaeiuo ciaeia - /a?aiioeaa. *a?aiiaoe
i?e?aaieaaeny e 10 aeiaiaiiui cieioui ?oaeyi. A 1924 a. ?aoi?ia auea
caaa?oaia. Auione - ainoaea?noaaiiuo eacia/aeneeo aeeaoia, a oaeaea
na?aa?yiiua e iaaeiua iiiaou. 1 /a?aiiaoe=10 iiaui ?oaeyi.

4) 1947a Aeaiiieiaoeey 1/10. O i?aaei?eyoee aeaiueae inoaeenue 1/1.
Oeaiu inoaeenue ia o?iaia ea?oi/ae.

5) 1950a. - iiaia niioiioaiea ?oaey e aeieea?o, 1 ?oaeue : 0,222 a
cieioa.

6) 1961a. - Aeaiiieiaoeey 1/10, ii ioiioaiea 1 ?oa:0,987 a cieioa, oi
anoue iioea ne?uoay eioeyoeey, oae eae noa?ua aeaiueae eo/oa iiauo.

7) 1993-1994 aa. - i?ioeann nicaeaiey iaoeeiiaeueiie aaethou e
ioaeaeaiea aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey ?innee io aeaiaaeiuo nenoai ainoaea?noa
auaoaai NNN?.

8) 1998 a. - Aeaiiieiaoeey : 1/1000.





































































































33. Oai?ey aeaiaa

Oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiua ioiioaiey o?aaotho ii?aaeaeaiiiai eiee/anoaa aeaiaa
aeey ia?auaiey. Caeii aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey, ioe?uoue Ea?eii Ia?enii,
onoaiaaeeaaao eiee/anoai aeaiaa, ioaeiia aeey auiieiaiey eie ooieoeee
n?aaenoaa ia?auaiey e n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea. Eiee/anoai aeaiaa (ooieoeey:
aeaiueae eae n?aaenoai ia?auaiey) caaeneo io o?ao oaeoi?ia:

eiee/anoaa i?iaeaiiuo ia ?uiea oiaa?ia e oneoa (naycue i?yiay);

o?iaiy oeai oiaa?ia e oa?eoia (naycue i?yiay);

nei?inoe ia?auaiey aeaiaa (naycue ia?aoiay).

Ana yoe oaeoi?u ii?aaeaeythony oneiaeyie i?iecaiaenoaa.

Oi?ioea oaeiaa:

Q=noiia oiaa?iuo oeai/V ia?auaiey aeaiaa (aeaiueae eae n?aaenoai
ia?auaiey)

N oa/aieai a?aiaie caeii i?eia?aoaao neaaeothuee aeae (n iiyaeaieai
ooieoeee aeaiaa eae n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea):



Q= Oe-A+I-AI/N.i. , aaea



Q - eiee/anoai aeaiaa, iaiaoiaeeiuo a ea/anoaa n?aaenoaa ia?auaiey e
n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea

Oe - noiia oeai ?aaeecoaiuo oiaa?ia e oneoa

A - noiia oeai i?iaeaiiuo oiaa?ia a e?aaeeo, n?ie iieaou ii eioi?ui ia
ianooiee

I - noiia ieaoaaeae ii aeieaiaui iaycaoaeuenoaai

AI - noiia acaeiiiiaaoathueo ieaoaaeae

N.i. - n?aaeiaa /enei iai?ioia aeaiaa eae n?aaenoaa ia?auaiey oae e
n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea.

A oi?iuaiiii aeaea yoo oi?ioeo iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue oae:



Ae=IoOe/N.i. aaea I - ianna ?aaeeciaaiiuo oiaa?ia, Oe - n?aaeiyy oeaia
oiaa?a, N.i. - n?aaeiyy nei?inoue iai?ioa.

I?aia?acoy aeaiioth oi?ioeo iieo/ei o?aaiaiea iaiaia: AeoN.i.=IoOe ,
eioi?ia icia/aao /oi i?iecaaaeaiea AeoN.i. ?aaii i?iecaaaeaieth o?iaiy
oeai ia oiaa?ioth ianno. Eiaaea aicieeatho e?eceniua yaeaiey a
yeiiiieea, yoi ?aaainoai ia?ooaaony, i?ienoiaeeo iaanoeaiaiea aeaiaa,
/oi iiaeii au?aceoue a oi?ioea: AeoN.i.>IoOe (eioeyoeey).

34.Nnoaeiue i?ioeaio(N%) e aai yeiiiie/aneay ?ieue.

N% - ieaoa, iieo/aaiay e?aaeeoi?ii io caaiueea ca iieueciaaiea caaiiuie
n?aaenoaaie. Iia ii?aaeaeyaony ?acia?ii nnoaeu, aa n?ieii e o?iaiai
i?ioeaioiie noaaee. Aeaiaaeiua nnoaeu nii?iaiaeaeathony aeaiaaeiie
oi?iie i?ioeaioa. A ?uii/iii oicyenoaa oieaoa i?ioeaioia anoue ia /oi
eiia, eae ia?aaea/a /anoe i?eauee (aeioiaea), iieo/aaiie caaiueeii,
naiaio e?aaeeoi?o. Ieaoo ca caaiiua n?aaenoaa e?aaeeoi? o?aaoao iioiio,
/oi ii ia?aaeaao /anoue naiaai eaieoaea (eiouanoaa) aeieaeieeo e nai
eeoaaony aiciiaeiinoe iieo/eoue ca a?aiy e?aaeeoiie naeaeee nianoaaiioth
i?eaueue. Anee e?aaeeo ia naiae caaa?oathuae noaaeee - yoi aica?auaiea
noieiinoe, oi i?ioeaio - aeaeaeaiea eaieoaea, i?e?auaiiiai e nnoaea.
Aaaine?iaaiiue eaieoae aeieaeai ia oieueei nio?aiyoueny a aeaeaeaiee, ii
e aic?anoe, oaaee/eoueny a naiai ?acia?a. Eiaaea aaie aeaao
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiio i?aaei?eyoeth nnoaeo, aeaeaeaiea n?aaenoa a
?acaa?iooii aeaea iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue eae: 1) Ae-Ae - aaie aeae nnoaeo
i?aaei?eyoeth; 2)Ae-O - i?aaei?eyoea cao?aoeei aa ia i?iecaiaenoai
i?iaeoeoeee; 3)O-Ae1 - i?aaei?eyoea ?aaeeciaaei i?iecaaaeaiiua ecaeaeey;
4)Ae1-Ae2 - i?aaei?eyoea aica?aoeei nnoaeo e oieaoeei i?ioeaio.

Aio ii/aio aeey e?aaeeoi?a aeaeaeaiea aai nnoaeiiai ?ano?na iiaeao auoue
a eiia/iii n/aoa i?aaenoaaeaii eae Ae-Ae1.

Nnoaeaiiay noiia i?eoaeaao ia?aoii aeaa ?aca: a i?ioeanna
aini?iecaiaenoaa o i?aaei?eyoey e eae ia?aaea/a n?aaenoa, iieo/aiiuo
acaeiu o e?aaeeoi?a (aaiea). Oaeei ia?acii, i?e e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaieyo
ecaanoiay noiia aeaiaa ?anoiaeoaony, n oai /oiau ii enoa/aiee
ii?aaeaeaiiiai a?aiaie aa?iooueny ia?aoii n i?e?auaieai. Ec noaiu
aeaeaeaiey nnoaeiiai eaieoaea neaaeoao, /oi eiia/iia Ae2 aieueoa
ia/aeueiiai aaaine?iaaiiiai ia noiio i?ioeaioa, Neaaeiaaoaeueii,
i?ioeaio ioaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae yeaiaio e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaiee.
Nouanoaoao oaniay naycue iaaeaeo nnoaeiui i?ioeaioii e i?eaueueth. Iaa
eaoaai?ee i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ii?aaeaeaiioth /anoue aiiaue nicaeaiiie
noieiinoe. Iaeiaei, anee i?eaueue (aeioiae), inoathuayny a ?anii?yaeaiee
i?aaei?eyoey-caaiueea, a aeaeueiaeoai eniieuecoaony eae enoi/iee aeey
oaeiaeaoai?aiey ioaeae i?aaei?eyoey, oi nnoaeiue i?ioeaio eae aeioiae
aaiea-e?aaeeoi?a iie?uaaao i?aaeaea anaai ?anoiaeu aaiea. Inoaaoayny aai
/anoue eaeao ia io/eneaiey a athaeaeao a aeaea iaeiaa, auieaoo
aeeaeaeaiaeia e io/eneaiee a oiiaeu aaiea.

*anoue aiiaue nicaeaiiie noieiinoe, iinooieaoae e e?aaeeoi?o, neoaeeo
ii?aaeaeaiiie ieaoie caaiueea ca iieueciaaiea e?aaeeoii, a oaeaea
aiciiaeiinoue oaeiaeaoai?aiey iio?aaiinoe a aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoaao. Oaeei
ia?acii, i?ioeaio aunooiaao eae yeaeaaeaio iio?aaeoaeueiie noieiinoe
e?aaeeoa. Iiyoiio, i?iyaeyynue eae yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey, aicieeathuea
ia aaca e?aaeeoa, nnoaeiue i?ioeaio i?aaenoaaeyao niaie naiaia?acioth
oeaio nnoaeu, aa?aioe?othuoth ?aoeeiiaeueiia eniieueciaaiea nnoaeaiiie
noieiinoe e nio?aiaiea iannu e?aeeoiuo ?ano?nia.

Ooieoeee nnoaeiiai i?ioeaioa:

1) Noeioee?othuay - aicaeaenoaea ia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea caaiiuo n?aaenoa a
iai?ioa oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee. Yooaeoeaiia eniieueciaaiea
nnoaeaaiie noieiinoe.

2) Aa?aioee nio?aiaiey nnoaeaaiie noieiinoe, oi anoue aica?aoa
e?aaeeoi?o e?aaeeoiuo n?aaenoa a iieiii ?acia?a.

Oaeoi?u aeeythuea ia i?ioeaioioth noaaeo:

1) Nnoaeiue i?ioeaio iiaeao auoue auoa i?e aeeeoaeueiuo n?ieao e?aaeeoa,
oae eae oaaee/aiea n?iea nnoaeu naycaii n ?inoii ?enea aa iaiiaaoaiey
ec-ca eciaiaiee aiaoiae yeiiiie/aneie N?aaeu e oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey
caaiueea, a oaeaea ?enea oiouaiie auaiaeu io eieaaaiey i?ioeaioiuo
noaaie ia ?uiea e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia.

2) Nnnoaeu, iaaeinoaoi/ii iaania/aiiua caeiaii eiouanoaa eee
iaycaoaeuenoaaie aa?aioa, aieaa aei?iaea ii n?aaiaieth n iaania/aiiuie
e?aaeeoaie.

3) Iiauoaiiui ?eneii iaeaaeatho nnoaeu, auaeaaaaiua caaiueeaie aeey
ono?aiaiey oeiainiauo cao?oaeiaiee, eiaanoeoeeiiiua e?aaeeou aeey
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee e o.ae.

4) A oneiaeyo eioeyoeee ?acia? i?ioeaioa ca nnoaeu aic?anoaao.

Aeaeu nnoaeiiai i?ioeaioa: 1.Ii oi?iai e?aaeeoa. 2.Ii aeaeai e?aaeeoiuo
ioiioaiee. 3.N?ieai e aeaeai nnoae. 4. Aeaeai iia?aoeee. 5.Niiniaai
ia/eneaiey.

Aaee/eia nnoaeiiai i?ioeaioa oi?ie?oaony ia iniiaa oeaiu e?aaeeoiuo
?ano?nia e ia?aee, oi anoue iaaeaaaee, iaiaoiaeeiie aeey oi?ie?iaaiey
aeioiaeia e?aaeeoiiai o/?aaeaeaiey. I?e yoii ia ?acia? i?ioeaioa aeeyao
ia ?uii/iay noieiinoue i?eaea/aiey ?ano?nia, a ?aaeueiay. I?ioeaioiay
ia?aea, onoaiaaeeaaaiay eiie?aoiui aaieii, aeieaeia iie?uaaoue
aaieianeea ecaea?aeee e iaania/eaaoue niioaaonoaothuoth i?eaueue. ?uiie
ia oa?ieo oaa?aei oeene?iaaiiuo i?ioeaioiuo noaaie. Eieaaaiea o?iaiy
i?ioeaioiuo noaaie - yaeaiea caeiiiia?iia.

Yeiiiie/aneay ?ieue nnoaeiiai i?ioeaioa:

1. I?ioeaio ca e?aaeeo eniieuecoaony aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey e?aaeeoiuo
ioiioaiee n eiiia?/aneeie aaieaie.

2. Nicaeathony oneiaey aeey oi?ie?iaaiey iieiioeaiiiai ?uiea a
e?aaeeoiie noa?a.

3. Ia aeiionoeoue ec-ca iaoaaoee e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia e?eceniiai iaaeaiey
i?iecaiaenoaa ia i?aaei?eyoeyo.

35. Aeaiaaeiay nenoaia ?innee

AeN ?innee ooieoeeiie?oao a niioaaonoaee n Oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii i OeA
?O (Aaiea ?innee) io 12.04.95a., ii?aaeaeeaoai aa i?aaiaua iniiau.

Ioeoe. Aeai. aaeeieoeae a ?innee (aaethoie) yae. ?oaeue. Niioiio.
iaaeaeo ?oaeai e cieioii c-iii ia onoaiiaeaii. Ioeoe. eo?n ?oaey e
eiino?. aeai. aaeeieoeai ii?-ny OeA? e ioae-ny a ia/aoe. Enee. i?aaii
yiennee iae. aeaiaa, i?aaiecaoeee eo ia?auaiey e ecuyoey ia oa??. ?O
iaeaaeaao Aaie ?innee. Ii ioaa/aao ca ninoiyiea aeai. ia?auaiey n
oeaeueth iiaeaea?aeaiey ii?iaeueiie yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe a
no?aia.

Aeaeaie aeaiaa eiathueie caeiiioth ieaoaaeioth neeo yaeythony aaieiiou e
iaoaee. iiiaou, eio. Iaani-ny anaie aeoeaaie Aaiea ?innee, a o./.
cieioui caianii, ainoae. oeai. aoi., ?aca?aaie e?aae-o o/?-iee,
iaoiaeyueony ia n/aoao OeA?. Ia?acoeu aaieiio e iiiao ooaa?aeaeathony
Aaieii ?innee. Niiauaiea i auionea iiauo ia?acoeia e iienaiea
ioaeeeothony a NIE. Iie iaycaoaeueiu e i?eaio ii ia?eoeaoaeueiie
noieiinoe ia anae oa??eoi?ee no?aiu e ai anao aeaeao ieaoaaeae, a o.ae.
aeey ca/eneaiey ia n/aoa, ai aeeaaeu, aeey ia?aaiaea. N?ie ecuyoey
noa?uo aaieiio ia iiaeao auoue iaiueoa aiaea e ia aieaa iyoe eao. I?e
iaiaia ia aeiioneaaony ia?aie/aiea noii e noauaeoia iaiaia. Aaieiiou e
iiiaou iiaoo auoue iauyaeaiu ii caeiio iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie (oo?aoeaoeie
neeo caeiiiiai ieaoaaeiiai n?aaenoaa). Iiaeaeaeea e iacaeiiiia
ecaioiaeaiea aeaiaa i?aneaaeoaony ii caeiio.

Ia oa??eoi?ee ?O ooieoe-tho iae. e aaciae. aeaiueae. A oeaeyo
i?aaiecaoeee iaee/iiai AeI ia Aaie ?innee aiceiaeaiu neaaeothuea
iaycaiiinoe:

· i?iaiice?iaaiea e i?aaiecaoeey i?iecaiaenoaa, ia?aaicea e o?aiaiea
aaieiio e iiiao, a oaeaea nicaeaiea eo ?aca?aiuo oiiaeia;

· onoaiiaeaiea i?aaee o?aiaiey, ia?aaicee e eieannaoeee iaee/iuo aeaiaa
aeey e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee;

· ii?aaeaeaiea i?eciaeia ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe aeaiaaeiuo ciaeia e
ii?yaeea caiaiu iia?aaeaeaiiuo aaieiio e iiiao, a oaeaea eo
oie/oiaeaiea;

· ?ac?aaioea ii?yaeea aaaeaiey eanniauo iia?aoeee aeey e?aaeeoiuo
i?aaiecaoeee;

Ana aii?inu n ?aaoe-ai aaciae. ?an/aoia onoai-ny OeA? a niioaaonoaee n
caeii-aii. Ii ii?aaeaeyao i?aaeea, oi?iu, n?iee e noaiaea?ou
inouanoaeaiey aaciae. ?an/aoia. C-iii i?aaeoniio?ai iauee n?ie aaciae.
?an/aoia ia aieaa 2 iia?aoeeiiiuo aeiae a i?aaeaeao noauaeoa Oaaea?aoeee
e iyoe a i?aaeaeao ?O. A ea/anoaa ieaoaaeiuo aeieoiaioia aeey
aaciaee/iuo ?an/aoia eniieuecothony ieaoaaeiua ii?o/aiey, ?an/aoiua
/aee, aee?aaeeoeau, ieaoaaeiua o?aaiaaiey-ii?o/aiey e ae?oaea
aeieoiaiou, ooaa?aeaeaiiua Aaieii ?innee.

Ioeoeeaeueiue ianooaa oeai ?oaey onoaiaaeeaaaony ainoaea?noaii.
?aaoee?iaaiea aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey inouanoaeyaony a niioaaonoaee n
iai?aaeaieyie aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie iieeoeee, eioi?ay ooaa?aeaeaaony a
ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiui aaieianeei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.

OeA aeieaeai nicaeaaaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua ia?aie/aiey, naea?aeeaathuea
yienneth aeaiaa.

Eniieuecoy aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoioth iieeoeeo eae n?aaenoai ?aaoee?iaaiey
yeiiiieee, OeA i?eaeaeaao neaaeothuea eino?oiaiou: noaaee o/aoiiai %
(aeeneiioioth iieeoeeo); ii?iu iaycaoaeueiuo ?aca?aia e?aaeeoiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee; iia?aoeee ia ioe?uoii ?uiea; ?aaeaiaioaoeeth yeiiiie/aneeo
ii?iaoeaia aeey e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee e ae?.

Aeey inouanoaeaiey eanniaiai ianeoaeeaaiey e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee e
th?eaee/aneeo eeoe ia oa??eoi?ee ?O nicaeaiu ?EOe i?e oa??-o aeaaiuo
oi?aaeaieyo OeA?. Iie oi?ie?otho iai?ioioth eanno ii i?eaio e auaea/a
iae. aeaiaa, a o.ae. ?aca?aiua oiiaeu aeaiaaeiuo aaieianeeo aeeaoia e
iiiao. ?ac. oiiaeu - yoi caianu ia auiouaiiuo a ia?auaiea aaieiio e
iiiao a o?aieeeuao OeA?. ?ac. oiiaeu nicaeathony ii ?anii?yaeaieth OeA?,
iauaeoeaiay iio?aaiinoue a ?aca?aiuo oiiaeao iaoneiaeaia:
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth oaeiaeaoai?aiey ioaeaeu yeiiiieee a iaee/iuo
aeaiueaao; iaiiaeaieai aeaiaaeiie iannu a ia?auaiee a nayce n
i?eoaaeoeie a iaaiaeiinoue aeaiueaaie; iiaeaea?aeaieai iaycaoaeueiiai
iiaeaea?aeaiey iieoith?iiai ninoaaa aeaiaaeiie iannu a oeaeii ii no?aia
e ?aaeiiai; nie?auaieai ?anoiaeia ia ia?aaiceo e o?aiaiea aeaiaaeiuo
ciaeia.

Iaee/iua aeaiueae auioneathony a ia?auaiea ia iniiaa yienneiiiiai
?ac?aoaiey - aeieoiaioa, aeathuaai i?aai OeA? iiaee?aieyoue iai?ioioth
eanno ca n/ao ?aca?aiuo oiiaeia aeaiaaeiuo aaieiio e iiiao. Yoio
aeieoiaio auaeaaony I?aaeaieai Aaiea ?innee a i?aaeaeao yienneiiiie
aee?aeoeau, oi anoue i?aaeaeueiiai ?acia?a auionea aeaiaa a ia?auaiea,
onoaiiaeaiiiai I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?O.

36. E?aaeeo a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaieyo.

Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ainoaea?noaaiiue e?aaeeo - oi?ia e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaiee,
i?e eioi?ie iaeii ainoaea?noai aunooiaao e?aaeeoi?ii ii ioiioaieth e
ae?oaiio ainoaea?noao.(eae i?aaeei, ia o?iaia OeA) Iai?., oaoie/aneia
niaeaenoaea.

I/i oe?iaiiue- iaaeaeo i?aaiecaoeeyie.

































































37.Caeiiu aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey.

Oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiua ioiioaiey o?aaotho ii?aaeaeaiiiai eiee/anoaa aeaiaa
aeey ia?auaiey.

Aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea - yoi iai?a?uaiia aeaeaeaiea aeaiaa. A naiai
?acaeoee aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea i?ioei o?e enoi?e/aneeo yoaia:

cieioiiiiaoiue oei. Ia yoii yoaia aeaiaaeiay aaeeieoea ethaie no?aiu
eiaea cieioia niaea?aeaiea eee iaania/aiea;

cieioiaoiaaeiue oei aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey. Aoiaaeiua aeaiueae i?eoee
aeaoiy iooyie: a) ii?/a iiiao. Eacia/aeneea aaenaey, oi anoue
iaycaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe, eioi?ua naiaiaeii iaiaieaaeenue
ia na?aa?yiua e iaaeiua iiiaou; a) /a?ac eiiia?/aneee aaenaeue, oi anoue
iaycaoaeuenoaa ioaeaeueiiai i?iiuoeaiieea eee oi?aiaoea oieaoeoue a
ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie aeaiueae ca iieo/aiiua a e?aaeeo oiaa?u. Iicaea
aaieiiou noaee auioneaoue aaiee. Aaieiioa iaania/eaaaony ainoaea?noaii
cieioii, ae?aaioeaiiuie iaoaeeaie e ae?oaeie aeoeaaie ainoaea?noaaiiiai
aaiea.

Aaieianeee oei aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey. Ii oa?aeoa?ecoaony oai, /oi
aoiaaeiua aeaiueae, ieeae ia naycaiu n cieioii.

Naaiaeiy ooieoeeiie?otho oae iacuaaaiua aaieianeea aeaiueae, oi anoue
iniiaiay ianna iia?aoeee ii iieoiea e i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia niaa?oaaony aac
o/anoey aeaiaa (aaciaee/iue ?an/ao) eee n iiiiuueth e?aaeeoiuo ea?oi/ae.

Eiee/anoai aeaiaaeiuo ciaeia, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey ia?auaiey, ii?aaeaeyaony
caeiiii aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey.

Neieueei aeaiaa ioaeii aeey ia?auaiey:

E = (noiia oeai oiaa?ia - i?iaeaaea a e?aaeeo - acaeiiiiaaoaaiua
ieaoaaee + aica?ao e?aaeeoa)/nei?inoue iai?ioa aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu. A
oi?iuaiiii aeaea:

E = (ianna ?aaeecoaiuo oiaa?ia * n?aaeiyy oeaia oiaa?a)/ nei?inoue
iai?ioa aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu.

I?e ecauoi/iii yieoe?iaaiee aeaiaaeiuo ciaeia i?ienoiaeeo eioeyoeey.

A ?innee iauay ianna aeaiaa - 12% io AII.

Aeaeaeaiea aeaiaa i?e auiieiaiee eie naieo ooieoeee a iaee/iie e
aaciaee/iie oi?iao i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea. Aeaiaaeiia
ia?auaiea caaeneo io ia?auaiey aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu. O ian 6 iai?ioia ca
aiae. Caaeneo io oeai e eiee/anoaa oiaa?ia.

Caeii aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey, ioe?uoue E.Ia?enii, onoaiaaeeaaao
eiee/anoai aeaiaa, ioaeiia aeey auiieiaiey eie ooieoeee n?aaenoaa
ia?auaiey e n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea.

Eiee/anoai aeaiaa caaeneo io eiee/anoaa i?iaeaiiuo ia ?uiea oiaa?ia e
oneoa, o?iaiy oeai e oa?eoia e nei?inoe ia?auaiey aeaiaa.

Aeaiaaeiay ianna - niaieoiiinoue iieoiaoaeueneeo, ieaoaaeiuo e
iaeiieaiiuo n?aaenoa, ianeoaeeaathuay yeiiiie/aneea nayce e
i?eiaaeeaaeauay oece/aneei e th?eaee/aneei eeoeai, a oaeaea
ainoaea?noao. Yoi aaaeiue eiee/anoaaiiue iieacaoaeue aeaeaeaiey aeaiaa.

A oi?iuaiiii aeaea yoo oi?ioeo iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue oae:

Ae=IoOe/N.i. aaea I - ianna ?aaeeciaaiiuo oiaa?ia, Oe - n?aaeiyy oeaia
oiaa?a, N.i. - n?aaeiyy nei?inoue iai?ioa.

I?aia?acoy aeaiioth oi?ioeo iieo/ei o?aaiaiea iaiaia: AeoN.i.=IoOe ,
eioi?ia icia/aao /oi i?iecaaaeaiea AeoN.i. ?aaii i?iecaaaeaieth o?iaiy
oeai ia oiaa?ioth ianno. Eiaaea aicieeatho e?eceniua yaeaiey a
yeiiiieea, yoi ?aaainoai ia?ooaaony, i?ienoiaeeo iaanoeaiaiea aeaiaa,
/oi iiaeii au?aceoue a oi?ioea: AeoN.i.>IoOe (eioeyoeey).

38. Aaieianeay nenoaia e aa yeaiaiou.

************************

Aaieianeay nenoaia - iaeii ec aunoeo aeinoeaeaiee yeiiiie/aneie
oeeaeeecaoeee.

A ?innee ooieoeeiie?oao aeaooo?iaiaaay aaieianeay nenoaia.

1 o?iaaiue - Oeaio?aeueiue (yienneiiiue) aaie. Aaie aaieia.

Ooieoeee Oeaio?aeueiiai Aaiea:

1.Aeaiaaeiay yienney.

2.?aaoee?iaaiea aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey.

3.?aaeecaoeey ioeoeeaeueiie aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie e aaethoiie iieeoeee.

Aeaiaaeiay eee aaieianeay yienney - ooieoeey iaania/aiey iio?aaiinoe
iaoeeiiaeueiie yeiiiieee a iaee/iuo aeaiueaao.

Iniiaiua caaea/e OeA:

I?iaaaeaiea iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa a iaeanoe aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey,
e?aaeeoa e ?an/aoia, iaania/aiea onoie/eaie iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe
aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu, ?aaoee?iaaiea e eiio?ieue aeayoaeueiinoe
eiiia?/aneeo aaieia.

Aaaeiuie ?aaoeyoi?aie iae?iyeiiiie/aneeo i?iii?oeee e iiaaaeaiey
oeiainiauo iin?aaeieeia yaeythony iaoiaeu aicaeaenoaey ia aaieianeoth
eeeaeaeiinoue (aeoeaiua n?aaenoaa aaiea): o/aoiay iieeoeea OeA, iieeoeea
ioe?uoiai ?uiea e iieeoeea ieieiaeueiuo ?aca?aia.

2 o?iaaiue ninoaaeytho /anoiua e ainoaea?noaaiiua aaieianeea einoeooou
eee eiiia?/aneea aaiee. E iei ioiinyo:

- nianoaaiii eiiia?/aneea (aeaiiceoiua) aaie, iniiaiay aeayoaeueiinoue
eioi?uo naycaia n i?eaiii aeaiiceoia e auaea/ae e?aoein?i/iuo e?aaeeoia;

- eiaanoeoeeiiiua aaiee, eioi?ua caieiathony iiiauaieai nianoaaiiuo e
caaiiuo n?aaenoa a OeA, aunooiatho iin?aaeieeaie iaaeaeo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie, ioaeaeathueieny a n?aaenoaao aeey aeieain?i/iuo
aeiaeaiee e aeeaae/eeaie n?aaenoa ia aeeeoaeueiue n?ie;

- eiioa/iua aaiee, i?aaeinoaaeythuea aeieain?i/iua e?aaeeou iiae caeia
iaaeaeaeeiiai eiouanoaa;

- naa?aaaoaeueiua eannu e e?aaeeoiua iauanoaa;

- no?aoiaua e iaineiiiua oiiaeu.

A ?innee 6 niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo aaieia:

1.Ainoaea?noaaiiue Oeaio?aeueiue Aaie (Ainaaie).

2.I?iiuoeaiii-no?ieoaeueiue aaie (I?iino?ieaaie).

3.Aaie aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena (Aa?ii?iiaaie).

4.Aaie aeeeeuii-eiiioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa e nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey
(AEeenioeaaie).

5.Aaie o?oaeiauo naa?aaeaiee e e?aaeeoiaaiey ianaeaiey (Naa?aaie).

6.Aaie aiaoaiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae (Aiaoyeiiiiaaie).



























39.Nouiinoue, oi?iu e ooieoeee aeaiaa.

Aeaiueae noeoeeii auaeaeeeenue ec iannu oiaa?ia a ?acoeueoaoa ?acaeoey
oiaa?iiaiaia Ia ?acee/iuo yoaiao enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey ?ieue aeaiaa
auiieiyee nia/aea oiaa?u, caoai aeaai?iaeiua iaoaeeu, /aio
niinianoaiaaee eo iaeii?iaeiinoue, aeaeeiinoue, nio?aiyaiinoue,
o?ainii?oaaaeueiinoue - ea/anoaa, naeaeaaoea eo iaeaieaa i?eaiaeiuie e
auiieiaieth ooieoeee aeaiaa. ?onneee yeiiiieno Ceaa?: "Ae - yoi anaiauee
yeaeaaeaio, oiaa?, ia eioi?ue iaiaieaathony ae?oaea oiaa?u, yoi anaiauaa
n?aaenoai ecia?aiey noieiinoe anao ae?oaeo oiaa?ia." Iiiaoa -
ii?aaeaeaiiie oi?iu, aana e aeinoieinoaa iaoaee. Aoiaaeiua aeaiueae:
aaieiioa -auioneaaony oeaio?aeueiui aaieii no?aiu; eacia/aeneee aeeao -
ainoaea?noaaiiui eacia/aenoaii. Nouanoaotho iaee/iua, aaciaee/iua
aeaiueae, aeaiaaeiua /aee, aei?iaeiua /aee, yeaeo?iiiua aeaiueae.
Aeaiueae - yoi iniaue oiaa?, neoaeauee anaiauei yeaeaaeaioii.

Ooieoeee aeaiaa: ia?a noieiinoe; n?aaenoai ia?auaiey; n?aaenoai
iaeiieaiey; n?aaenoai ieaoaaea; ie?iaua aeaiueae.

IA?A NOIEIINOE. Noieiinoue oiaa?ia iaoiaeeo anaiauaa au?aaeaiea a
aeaiueaao, o.a. aaee/eia eo noieiinoe ii?aaeaeyaony iin?aaenoaii
i?e?aaieaaiey eo e ii?aaeaeaiiiio eiee/anoao aeaiaa. Aeaiueae neoaeao
anaiauei aiieiuaieai e ia?eeii noieiinoae.

N?AAeNOAI IA?AUAIEss. A i?ioeanna oiaa?iiai ia?auaiey, O-Ae-O, aeaiueae
ea?atho ?ieue iin?aaeieea a iaiaia oiaa?ia e auiieiytho ooieoeeth
n?aaenoaa ia?auaiey. Ii n?aaiaieth n iaiaiii oiaa?a ia oiaa?, oiaa?iia
ia?auaiea n eniieueciaaieai aeaiaa ia o?aaoao: acaeiiiai niioaaonoaey
iio?aaiinoae aeaoo iaiaieaathueony oiaa?iaeaaeaeueoeaa; niaiaaeaiey ii
a?aiaie aeoia i?iaeaaee e eoiee; niaiaaeaiey aeoia eoiee-i?iaeaaee a
i?ino?ainoaa.

N iiyaeaieai aeaiaa aicieeaao aiciiaeiinoue ?ac?uaa iaaeaeo i?iaeaaeae e
eoieae.

N?AAeNOAI IAEIIEAIEss. I?iaeaaea oiaa?a aac iineaaeothuae iieoiee aeaao
aiciiaeiinoue iaeaieeaaoue aiaaonoai, aiieiuaiiia a aeaiueaao. Aeaiueae
aunooiatho a ooieoeee ia?aciaaiey nie?iaeu, iaeiieaiee e naa?aaeaiee,
eiaaea iie a?aiaiii ecaeaeathony ec ia?auaiey e inaaeatho a ?oeao
oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae.

N?AAeNOAI IEAOAAEA. Aneaaenoaea iaiaeeiaeiaie i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe
ia?eiaeia i?iecaiaenoaa ?acee/iuo oiaa?ia, e iiiaioo iiyaeaiey e/e
oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaey ia ?uiea, iioaioeeaeueiua iieoiaoaee iiaoo ia
eiaoue iaee/iuo aeaiaa. Aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue eoiee-i?iaeaaee a
e?aaeeo. N?aaenoaii ia?auaiey oiaaea neoaeao ia naie aeaiueae, a
au?aaeaiiua a ieo aeieaiaua iaycaoaeuenoaa. I?e eniieueciaaiee a oeaeyo
iiaaoaiey aeieaiauo iaycaoaeuenoa aeaiueae auiieiytho ooieoeeth
n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea.

IE?IAUA AeAIUeAE. ?acaeoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo iieeoe/aneeo e yeiiiie/aneeo
naycae (aiaoiaoi?aiauo, iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaiee, e o.ae.)
iaoneiaeeaaao ooieoeeiie?iaaiea aeaiaa ia ie?iaii ?uiea. Ie?iaua
aeaiueae aunooiatho a aeaea neeoeia aeaai?iaeiuo iaoaeeia, a a oneiaeyo
?acaeoiai eaieoaeecia - a aeaea neeoeia cieioa, o.e. iaiieiioeaiiua
aeaiueae, eiathuea ia?auaiea aioo?e ioaeaeueiie no?aiu, ia ie?iaii ?uiea
oa?ytho neeo. Ie?iaua aeaiueae iiaoo auiieiyoue ooieoeee:
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ieaoaaeiiai n?aaenoaa; iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
iieoiaoaeueiiai n?aaenoaa; anaiauaai aiieiuaiey iauanoaaiiiai aiaaonoaa.

Ii ia?a ?acaeoey oiaa?iiai iaiaia iieiioeaiiua aeaiueae i?aa?auathony a
ciaee noieiinoe. Ii ia?a ?acaeoey aeaiaaeiie nenoaiu aoiaaeiua e
e?aaeeoiua aeaiueae, ooieoeeiie?othuea aioo?e no?aiu e auiieiythuea
ooieoeee n?aaenoaa ia?auaiey e ieaoaaea, ia?anoatho ?aciaieaaoueny ia
cieioi. A iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oi?aiauo ioiioaieyo oaeaea aaethou aaaeoueo
no?ai ie?a, e, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, aeieea? NOA, noaee ooieoeeiie?iaaoue
eae iaaeaeoia?iaeiia ieaoaaeiia, iieoiaoaeueiia e ?aca?aiia n?aaenoai.
Cieioua caianu i?e yoii auiieiytho ?ieue eeeaeaeiuo aeoeaia aeey
iieo/aiey ?aca?aiuo aaetho e ae?. N?aaenoa iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia.

Iooiae io iaoaeee/aneiai aacena - iaeia noi?iia yaiethoeee aeaiaa,
ae?oaay - oaiaeaioeey e nio?aiaieth n?inoaainy n cieioii anaiauaai
yeaeaaeaioa. Ae?aaioeaiiue iaoae i?iaeieaeaao ea?aoue ?ieue aeaiaa a
ooieoeee nie?iaeua a ea/anoaa no?aoiaiai oiiaea.

40. Oeiu aaieia

Yienneiiiue aaie - yoi aaie, inouanoaeythuee auione aeaiaaeiuo ciaeia,
aaieiio e yaeythueeny oeaio?ii e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu. Ii yaeyaony Aaieii
aaieia.

Eiiia?/aneea aaiee. I?aaenoaaeytho niaie e?aaeeoiua o/?aaeaeaiey,
eioi?ua inouanoaeytho e?aaeeoiaaiea i?iiuoeaiiuo, oi?aiauo e ae?oaeo
i?aaei?eyoee, aeaaiui ia?acii ca n/ao oao aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, eioi?ua
iie iieo/atho a aeaea aeeaaeia, aeaiiceoia eee aea i?eaea/aiiuo ni
noi?iiu e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia, iai?aaeaiiuo io aaiea aaieia, eeai ae?oaeo
aaieia ia oneiaeyo ieaou ca yoe i?eaea/aiiua caaiiua ?ano?nu. Ii oi?ia
nianoaaiiinoe eiiia?/aneea aaiee auaatho: /anoiua; aeoeeiia?iua;
ainoaea?noaaiiua.

Niaoeeaeueiua e?aaeeoiua einoeooou, eioi?ua aeeth/atho a naay
eiaanoeoeeiiiua aaiee (aaiee, eioi?ua inouanoaeytho oeiaine?iaaiea
aeieain?i/iuo eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee). Eiaanoeoeeiiiua aaiee - yoi
e?aaeeoiua o/?aaeaeaiey, caieiathueany oeiaine?iaaieai e aeieain?i/iui
e?aaeeoiaaieai ?acee/iuo io?aneae oicyenoa, aeaaiui ia?acii,
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, oi?aiaee, o?ainii?oa, aeey inouanoaeaiey eaieoaeueiuo
aeiaeaiee.

Niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua aaieianeea o/?aaeaeaiey. Iie iiaoo caieiaoueny
eaeei-eeai ii?aaeaeaiiui aeaeii e?aaeeoiaaiey. E iei ioiinyony:

naa?aaaoaeueiua aaiee;

eiiaa?aeu, i?aaenoaaeythuea nnoaeu iiae caeia eiouanoaa e aauae;

eiioa/iua aaiee, i?aaeinoaaeythuea aeieain?i/iua e?aaeeou iiae caeia
iaaeaeaeeiiai eiouanoaa;

aaieianeea nithcu a?aaeaeai;

aaiee, ianeoaeeaathuea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue;

caiaeueiua aaiee, caieiathueany e?aaeeoiaaieai iiae caeia caiaeueiuo
o/anoeia;

aaieianeea annioeeaoeee;

eiini?oeeoiu.



































41. ?ieue aeaiaa a yeiiiieea e nioeeaeueiie noa?a.

Ii naiae i?e?iaea aeaiueae yaeythony iniaui oiaa?ii anaiauei noieiinoiui
yeaeaaeaioii.

I?e i?inoii oiaa?iii i?iecaiaenoaa aeaiueae au?aaeaee ioiioaiey
?aciauaiiuo oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae. Niune eoiee-i?iaeaaee (O Ae O)
ninoiye a iaiaia iio?aaeoaeueiuo noieiinoae. Ianeoaeeaay
eaieoaeenoe/aneia oiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai, aeaiueae i?eia?aoatho
aeiaaai/ioth iio?aaeoaeueioth noieiinoue: ec i?inoiai iin?aaeieea
ia?auaiey oiaa?ia iie i?aa?auathony a oneiaea e?oaiiai?ioa eaieoaea.

Ooieoeee aeaiaa ia?ac?uaii naycuaathony n aeaeaeaieai eaieoaea,
iiae/eiythony aio.

Aeaiueae yaeythony enoiaeiui ioieoii e ?acoeueoaoii e?oaiiai?ioa
eaieoaea:

/ NI

Ae O . . . . I O Ae

?N

Aaaine?iaaiea aeaiaaeiiai eaieoaea aeey i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaeiieaaaao
iaeiieaiea aeaiaa. Ooieoeey n?aaenoaa ia?aciaaiey nie?iaeu e iaeiieaiee
i?eia?aoaao iiaia niaea?aeaiea ii n?aaiaieth n i?inoui oiaa?iui
i?iecaiaenoaii. I?e iieoiea n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa (NI) aeaiueae
auiieiytho ooieoeeth ia?u noieiinoae, iiin?aaenoaoy i?ioeann
oeaiiia?aciaaiey, e n?aaenoaa ia?auaiey, a oaeaea n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea,
eiaaea ianooiaao n?ie iieaou oiaa?ia, eoieaiiuo a e?aaeeo.

I?e eoiea-i?iaeaaea ?aai/ae neeu (?N) aeaiueae auiieiytho ooieoeeth ia?u
noieiinoae i?e ia/eneaiee ca?aaioiie ieaou, o. a. noaiiaeaiee oeaiu
yoiai niaoeeoe/aneiai oiaa?a, e ooieoeeth n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea i?e auieaoa
ca?aaioiie ieaou. Yoi iaoneiaeaii oai, /oi o?oaeyueany iieo/atho iieaoo
naiae ?aai/ae neeu iinea iio?aaeaiey aa i?aaei?eieiaoaeai.

?aaeecaoeey aiiaue nicaeaiiiai oiaa?a e i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe (O' Ae')
iiin?aaenoaoaony ooieoeeae aeaiaa eae ia?u noieiinoae n?aaenoaa
ia?auaiey e n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea. Ie?iaua aeaiueae ianeoaeeaatho i?ioeann
iaiaia iaaeaeo no?aiaie aeaeaeaiea oiaa?ia, ?aai/ae neeu, oneoa e
eaieoaeia. Aeaiueae ianeoaeeaatho ?aaeecaoeeth i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe ia
aioo?aiiai e ie?iaii ?uieao, aa ?ani?aaeaeaiea e ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea
iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie eeannaie e nioeeaeueiuie a?oiiaie iauanoaa.

?ieue aeaiaa:

1. Aeaiueae anaiauee noieiinoiie yeaeaaeaio

2. Aaaine?iaaiea aeaiaaeiiai eaieoaea aeey ?anoe?aiey i?iecaiaenoaa.

3. Iieoiea oiaa?ia e ?ano?nia a e?aaeeo.

4. Eoiey -i?iaeaaea ?aai/ae neeu ia ?uiea o?oaea

5. Auieaoa ca?aaioiie ieaou

6. ?aaeecaoeey oiaa?a ia aioo?aiiai ?uiea.

Neaaui caaiii anae iaoae naaiaeiyoiae oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu
yaeythony ionoonoaea iieiioeaiiie aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu, ?ino eioeyoeee.
?anno?ienoai aeaiaaeiiai oic-aa, aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee a no?aia eeoaao
aaiee (e?aaeeoiua o/?aaeaeaiey) ii?iaeueiie iniiau aeayoaeueiinoe, a
oeaio?iaaie aiciiaeiinoae yooaeoeaii auiieiyoue naie iaiouaieaiua
ooieoeee.

********************

A naaiaeiyoiai iauanoaa ana oiaa?u, oneoae, i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu, a oaeaea
niiniaiinoue ethaeae e o?oaeo i?eia?aoaao aeaiaaeioth oi?io.

Ea/anoaaiii iiaay ?ieue aeaiaa (a ioee/ea io aeaiaa i?inoiai oiaa?iiai
i?iecaiaenoaa) caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi iie i?aa?auathony a aeaiaaeiue
eaieoae, eee naiiaic?anoathuoth noieiinoue. Yoa ?ieue i?ineaaeeaaaony
/a?ac 5 i?aaeieo ooieoeee.

A ia?aie o-oeee aeaiueae ia oieueei ecia?ytho noieiinoue anao oiaa?ia e
oneoa, ii e eaieoaea. I?e eoiea-i?iaeaaea ?acee/iuo oeaiiinoae ca
iaee/iue ?an/ao aeaiueae aunooiatho n?aaenoaii ia?auaiey eae oiaa?a, oae
e eaieoaea. Aeaiueae eae n?aaenoai iaeiieaiey e naa?aaeaiey
eiioeaio?e?othony a e?aaeeoiie nenoaia e iaania/eaatho aeaaeaeueoeo
i?eaueue. Iaeiieaiea a oi?ia oacaa?aoeee cieioa caueuatho aeaiaaeiua
aiaaonoaa io iaanoeaieaaiey. Aeaiueae ianeoaeeaatho ?aciiia?aciua
ieaoaaeiua ioiioaiey, a o./. e o?oaeiaua. Eiaiii yoa o-oeey aeaiaa
iaania/eaaao ia?aeea eaieoaea iaaeaeo no?aiaie. Aeaiueae ianeoaeeaatho
i?iecaiaenoai e ?aaeecaoeeth iauanoaaiiiai eaieoaea /a?ac nenoaio
aeaiaaeiuo iioieia iaaeaeo noa?aie oicyenoaa, io?aneyie i?iecaiaenoaa e
?aaeiiaie no?aiu. I?aaiecaoi?aie yoeo aeaiaaeiuo iioieia yaeythony
ainoaea?noaa, oicyenoaothuea noauaeou e io/anoe ioaeaeueiua eeoea.
I?e/ai iai?io noieiinoe iauanoaaiiiai i?iaeoeoa ia/eiaaony e
caeai/eaaaony o aeaaeaeueoea eaieoaea.



42. Aaieianeay eio?ano?oeoo?a.

Eio?ano?oeoo?a (eao.infro - iiae+no?oeoo?a) ninoaaiua /anoe iauaai
ono?ienoaa yeiiiie/aneie aeecie, iinyuea iiae/eiaiiue, aniiiiaaoaeueiue
oa?aeoa? e iaania/eaathuea ii?iaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue yeiiiie/aneie
nenoaiu a oeaeii.

Iniiaiua aeaeu i?ioanneiiaeueiuo eiinoeueoaoeeiiiuo oneoa:

1. Eiinoeueoe?iaaiea ii oi?aaeaieth (iaiaaeaeiaio-eiinaeoeia):

a) no?aoaae/aneea aii?inu ?acaeoey: i?iaiice?iaaaiea, i?aaiecaoeey
oeeeaeia iiauo aaieia, i?eia?aoaiea eiouanoaa e o.ae.;

a) oeiainiaua aii?inu;

a) oi?aaeaiea eaae?aie (iiaeai? nio?oaeieeia, iiauoaiea eaaeeoeeaoeee e
iao/aiea eaae?ia, i?aaiecaoeey io?aiu o?oaea e iaae. ianeoaeeaaiey,
ineoieiae/. eeeiao eieeaeoeaa);

a) ia?eaoeia;

ae) eioi?iaoeeiiiua oaoiieiaee e nenoaiu: eniieueciaaiea eiiiuethoa?ia e
eioi?iaoeeiiiuo nenoai a oi?aaeaiee.

2. Aoaeeo e aooaaeoa?neia eiinoeueoe?iaaiea.

3. TH?eaee/. eiinoeueoe?iaaiea.

4. Iaania/aiea eioi?iaoeeiiii-eiiiuethoa?iuie oaoiieiaeyie.



































43. Iaee/ii-aeaiaaeiue iai?io e aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea.

Aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea - aeaeaeaiea aeaiaa i?e auiieiaiee eie naieo
ooieoeee a iaee/iie e aaciaee/iie oi?ia. Ia/aeo aeaeaeaiey aeaiaa
i?aaeoanoaoao eo eiioeaio?aoeey o noauaeoia (a eioaeueeao ianaeaiey).
*oiau ca?iaeeeinue aeaeaeaiea aeaiaa, iaiaoiaeeii aicieeiiaaiea
iio?aaiinoae a aeaiueaao o iaeiie ec aeaoo noi?ii. Ni?in ia aeaiueae
aicieeaao i?e inouanoaeaiee naeaeie, aeaiueae ioaeiu aeey ia?auaiey,
ieaoaaeae ca oiai?u e oneoae. Eo iauai ii?aaeaeyaony iiieiaeueiui
aaeiaui aioo?aiiei i?iaeoeoii. Ni?in ia aeaiueae i?aaeuyaeytho e aeey
iaeiieaiey, eioi?ia aunooiaao a ?aciuo oi?iao: aeeaaeu e?aaeeoiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee, oeaiiuo aoiaaao, ioeoeeaeueiuo ain. caianao. Aeaiaaeiia
ia?auaiea inouanoaeyaony a aeaoo oi?iao: iaee/iua e aaciaee/iua.

Iaee/ii-aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea aeaeaeaiea iaee/iuo aeaiaa a noa?a
ia?auaiey e auiieiaiea eie aeaoo ooieoeee (n?aaenoa ieaoaaea e n?aaenoa
ia?auaiey). Iaee/iua aeaiueae eniieuecothony:

aeey e?oaiiai?ioa oiaa?ia e oneoa;

aeey ?an/aoia, ia naycaiiuo iaiin?aaenoaaiii n aeaeaeaieai oiaa?a e
oneoa, a eiaiii: ?an/aoia ii auieaoa ca?ieaou, i?aiee, iiniaee, iainee,
ii auieaoa no?aoiauo aiciauaiee ii aeiaiai?ai no?aoiaaiey; ii ieaoaaeai
ianaeaiey ca eiiioiaeueiua oneoae e ae?.

Iaee/ii-aeaiaaeiue iai?io aeeth/aao aeaeaeaiea ana iaee/ii-aeaiaaeiie
iannu ca ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?eiae a?aiaie iaaeaeo ianaeaieai e
th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie (iaaeaeo oec. eeoe., iaaeaeo th?eaee/. eeoe.,
iaaeaeo ianaeaieai e ain-aii e o.ae.).

Iaee/ii-aeaiaaeiia aeaeaeaiea inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth ?acee/iuo
aeaeia aeaiaa: aaieiio, iaoaeee/. iiiao, ae?. e?aaeeoiuo eino?oiaioia
(aaenaeae, /aeia, e?aaeeoi. ea?o). Yienneth iaee/iuo aeaiaa inouanoaeyao
oeaio?. (eae i?aaeei ain.) aaie. Ii auioneaao iaee/iua aeaiueae a
ia?auaiea e ecuiaao eo, anee iie i?eoee a iaaiaeiinoue, a oaeaea
caiaiyao aeaiueae ia iiaua ia?acoeu eoith? e iiiao.

A ?innee a nayce n ia?iiiui ?anoe?aieai iaee/ii-aeaiaaeiiai iai?ioa
iineaaeiea iane. eao i?aaei?eiyou iiiuoee ia?aie/eoue aeey th?eae. eeoe
yoio iai?io. Aeey oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia onoaiiaeai eeieo iaee/iuo
aeaiaa. Aaeaaeiaaii iie iiaen/eouaatho ana iinooieaoea e auaeaiiua
aeaiueae e ca/eneytho eo a iai?ioioth eanno. Anee inoaoie aeaiaa a
eiioea i?aauneo onoaiiaeaiiue eeieo, oi noiia naa?o eeieoa ca/eneyaony a
?aca?aiue oiiae. Iaeiaei ia i?aeoeea yoe e ae?. ia?aie/aiey aeaenoaotho
aua neaai.

44. Oeaio?aeueiua aaiee e eo iia?aoeee.

A nia?aiaiiuo aaieianeeo nenoaiao OeA caieiaao iniaia ianoi. Ii yaeyaony
i?aaiii ain. ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee, iaaeaeai i?aaii iiiiiieueiiai
auionea aaieiio, ?aaoee?iaaiey aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey, e?aaeeoiuo
ioiioaiee no?aiu. A OeA o?aiyony cieioi-aaethoiua ?aca?au no?aiu. OeA
inouanoaeyao ?oeiaiaenoai e eiio?ieue iaae anae e?aaeeoiie nenoaiie,
yaeyaony aaieii aaieia, o?aieo a?aiaiii naiaiaeiua aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, athaeaeaoa, ae?oaeo i?aaeo. i?aaiia, iaycaoaeueiua
?aca?au eiiia?/aneeo aaieia. A oeaeii oeaio?aeueiua aaiee, eae i?aaeei,
yaeythony ainoaea?noaaiiuie. Eiiaaea iie oi?iaeueii ain-ao ia
i?eiaaeeaaeao (O?N -aeoeeiia?iue, Oaaeoea?neee iaoe. aaie), eeai ain-ao
i?eiaaeeaaeeo eeoue /anoue eaieoaea (a ssiiiee), a ethaii neo/aa ana
oeaio?aeueiua aaiee i?iaiaeyo iieeoeeo ain-aa e ?aaioatho eae ain.
i?aaiu.

Iniaaiiinoe aeoeaiuo e ianneaiuo iia?aoeee OeA. Enoi/ieeii ia?aciaaiey
eo ?ano?nia neoaeeo i?aeiouanoaaiii ia nianoaaiiua eaieoaeu e
i?eaea/aiiua aeeaaeu, a yienney aaieiio. E?iia oiai OeA aeeoioee?otho
aeaiiceou EA e ainoaea?noaa.

*anoue n?aaenoa EA iaycaiu o?aieoue a aeaea eanniaie iaee/iinoe
(eanniauo ?aca?aia), aeey oiai /oiau aania?aaieii oaeiaeaoai?youe ana
o?aaiaaiey aeeaae/eeia i auaea/a iaee/iuo aeaiaa. Ei??. n/ao(EN) EA a
OeA. I?e iin?aaenoaa EN a oa??eo-i iiae?acaeaeaiee OeA EA inouanoaeytho
iaaeaeo niaie ?an/aou. Eae i?aaeei, EA eiatho ii?aaeaeaiiue inoaoie ia
naiai EN a OeA, eioi?ue noaiiaeony nin?aaeioi/aieai aeaiaaeiuo ?aca?aia
E aaieia.

A niioaaonoaee ni neiaeeaoaeny i?aeoeeie OeA ia oiea/eaaao E aaieai % ii
eo aeaiiceoai, iaeiaei aanieaoii inouanoaeyao aeey EA ?an/aoiua
iia?aoeee.

Ia?yaeo n aaieianeeie aeeaaeaie a. ?ieue a ianneaao yienneiiiuo aaieia
caieiatho aeeaaeu ainoaea?noaa. Iaeiaei a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea OeA
auaeaao e?aaeeou EA, iie yaeythony, eae i?aaeei, auniei iaania/aiiuie
e ii iei EA oiea/eaatho cia/eoaeueiua % - o/aoiay noaaea OeA.

A iaeanoe aeoeaiuo iia?aoeee OeA ioee/athony io EA ii oa?aeoa?o
caaiueeia e oi?iai e?aaeeoiaaiey. Aeaaiuie caaiueeaie OeA aunooiatho EA
e ainoaea?noai, a caaiueeaie EA - ?acee/iua yeiiiie/aneea aaaiou,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii aaaeouea oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue.

Niaoeeoe/aneie iaeanoueth OeA yaeyaony e?aaeeoiaaiea EA. E nnoaeai a
OeA EA i?eaaaatho aeey oeaeaaiai e?aaeeoiaaiey eeeaioo?u, a oaeaea a
ia?eiae iai?yaeaiiiai iieiaeaiey ia aeaiaaeiii ?uiea. Oaeea nnoaeu
i?eieiatho neaaeothuea oi?iu: ia?ao/ao e ia?acaeia aaenaeae; ia?acaeia
oeaiiuo aoiaa; oeaeaaua nnoaeu OeA ia eiaanoeoeeiiiua oeaee, o. a.
oeaeaaua eiaanoeoeeiiiua e?aaeeou, i?aaeinoaaeyaiua OeA ii?aaeaeaiiui
i?aaei?eyoeyi /a?ac EA.

OeA ia?ao/eouaatho aaenaey, i?aaeuyaeyaiua E aaieaie. I?e yoii o?aoueae
iiaeienueth ia aaenaea yaeyaony iiaeienue EA, eioi?ue ia?ao/eouaaao
aaenaeue a OeA.

Ia?acaeia aaenaeae - yoi e?aoein?i/iua nnoaeu iiae aaenaey,
i?aaeuyaeaiiua E aaieaie.

Ia?acaeia oeaiiuo aoiaa - auaea/a aaieianeeo nnoae iiae ainoaea?noaaiiua
oeaiiua aoiaae, ii a iaeioi?uo no?aiao aeiioneaaony oaeaea auaea/a nnoae
iiae ae?oaea aeaeu oeaiiuo aoiaa.

Iiieii EA caaiueeii o oeaio?aeueiuo aaieia yaeyaony ainoaea?noai.

I?e onoie/eaii ninoiyiee ain. oeiainia e?aaeeoiaaiea Oe aaieii
ia?aie/eaaaony e?aaeeoiaaieai e?aoein?i/iuo iio?aaiinoae ainoaea?noaa
aeey oeiaine?iaaiey eanniaiai aeaoeoeeoa ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa,
i?e eioi?ii ii anei?a iie?uaaaony ec iau/iuo aeioiaeia ainoaea?noaa.
Eanniaue aeaoeoeeo yoi a?aiaiiue aeaoeoeeo ia i?ioyaeaiee ianeieueeeo
ianyoeaa, eiaaea ain. aeioiaeu ia iie?uaatho oaeouea ain. ?anoiaeu.
E?aaeeoiaaiea oaeiai aeaoeoeeoa ia i?aaenoaaeyao oa?icu aeey aeaiaaeiiai
ia?auaiey, iineieueeo nnoaea, auaeaiiay a aeaiiii eaa?oaea, eae i?aaeei,
iiaaoaaony a neaaeothuai aea eaa?oaea.

Eiaaea aeaoe oe eo ain. a th aeaeaoa i?eia?aoaao nenoaiaoe/aneee oa?ae
o a? e i?aae o aeuenoai iinoiyiii iieuecoaony e?aaee o aie OeA aeey
iie?u o ey aeaoeoeeoa ain. ath ae aeaoa, nnoaeu ainoaea?noao noaiiayony
oaeoi?ii eioeyoeee.

E aaaeiui ooieoeeyi yienneiiiuo aaieia ioiinyony iia?aoeee ia ioe?uoii
?uiea e aeaaeciua iia?aoeee.

Iia?aoeee ia ioe?uoii ?uiea - yoi iieoiea e i?iaeaaea ain. oeaiiuo
aoiaa. Eiaanoeoeee a ain. oeaiiua aoiaae aeey OeA - ia oieueei oi?ia
aeiaeaiey naiaiaeiuo aeai. n?aaenoa, ii e niinia oei-y ainoaea?noaa e
iaoiae aicaeaenoaey OeA ia aeaiaaeiue ?uiie. Iooai iia?aoeee ia ioe?uoii
?uiea OeA iiaoo iiauoaoue e iiieaeaoue iauee iauai n?aaenoa o EA,
i?aaeiacia/aiiuo ia oei-a ae?oaeo iio?aaiinoae iiieii e?aaeeoiaaiey
ainoaea?noaa.

Aeaaeciua iia?aoeee - iieoiea e i?iaeaaea OeA eiino?aiiie aaethou aeey
iiaeaea?aeaiey a ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?aaeaeao eo?na iaoe. aeai. aaeeieoeu.
Yoe iia?aoeee eiatho oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a aeayoaeueiinoe OeA?. Oae,
a o?aoueai eaa?oaea 1995 a. a ?innee aue aaaaeai oae iacuaaaiue
"aaethoiue ei?eaei?", eiaaea ?acia?u eieaaaiee eo?na ?inneeneiai ?oaey e
aeieea?o NOA auee ia?aie/aiu ii?aaeaeaiiuie i?aaeaeaie.





45 Nouiinoue eioeyoeee, oi?iu aa i?iyaeaiey e iaoiaeu noaaeeecaoeee
aeai. ia?au.

Eio-oeey - iaanoeaieaaiea aeaiaa, aeenaaeain ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey

Ecia?-ea- Eiaeaen oeai a aeaiiii ia?eiaea (%) = Oeaia ?ui. ei?ceiu a
io/. ia?./ Oeaia ?ui. ei?ceiu a aac. ia?eiaea*100%

Aeaeu- oaii ?inoa oeai (eiaeaen oeai)- oia?aiiay( aeaiaa nio.), aaeiie?othuay ( >100%), aeia?eioeyoeey

?acee/ey ?inoa oeai ii ?ace.oia. - naaeaine?ia. (oeaiu oia. ioiineo.
ae?oa ae?oaa iaeci.), ianaaeain. (iaiai?io)

iaeeaeaaiinoue - iaeeaeaaiay (i?aaeneacuaaaony ca?aiaa), iaiaeeaeaaiay

Oeiu - eio-oeey ni?ina- ecauoi/iue ni?in, aeioiaeu ?anooo auno?aa, /ai
iauai oiaa?ia e oneoa

(iaeeoa?ecaoeey ye-ee, aeaoeoeeo ainathaeaeaoa, e?aae. yeniainey a.,
iooie iaoe.aaethou.)

eio-oeey ecaea?aeae - ?ino ecaea?aeae - nie?au. i?ea e iauaia i?-oeee -
oiai. i?aaeeiae. e oaaee/. ni?ina

I?e/eiu - ianiioaaono. aeai. iannu noiia oiaa?ia, aeai.-e?aae. iie-ea
ain-aa, iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea, oeaiiia?acia.

a ?innee - ain. iiiiiieey ia yienneth, aiao.oi?aiaeth, % noaaee

Iineaaenoaey - iaanoeaiea. iioiea aeai.aeioiaeia, ia?a?ani?.
aeio.,iaoa?. aeai. n?-a

Oi?iu e iaoiaeu - caiyoinoue ianaeaiey, aeai.?aoi?iu, aeai. iieeoeea,
i?eniiniaeaiea (o/ao oaeo. iieiaeaiey),oeaiiia?ac.

Oeiu aeai. iie-ee: aeaoeyoe- oiai. aeai. ni?ina /a?ac aeai.-e?aae. e
iaeiae, ain.?ano., oaae. noaaee e?aaeeoa - oiai. ye.?inoa

iie-ea aeio-ia - eiio?ieue ca c/ie., iieiia caii?aae.

Aeai. ?aoi?iu - aeey noaaeeecaoeee aeai. ia?auaiey

ioieoeeaoeey - aiioe. neeueii iaanoeaiiaiie aae-oeu e aaaaeaiea iiaie
aaethou

?anoia?aoeey - ainnoaiiae. i?aaeiaai niaea?ae. aeai. aae-oeu

?aaieueaaoeey - oaae. aae. eo?na e $, iioii aae. oiiae ?anoaa?.
niaea?ae.

aeaaieueaaoeey - oiai. cie. niaea?ae. a aeai. aae-oeu

aeaiiieiaoeey - oiai. (oe?oii.) ianooaaa oeai

Oeiu aeai. ?aoi?i - iaiai aeaiaa ia iiaua, a?aiaiiia caii?aae. aeeaaeia,
ni/aoaiea iaaeo - oieiaay oa?aiey

eiaeaenaoeey ************

46. Eiiia?/aneea aaiee e eo iia?aoeee.

EA - yoi aaiee, iniiaiie oeaeueth ooieoeeiie?iaaiey eioi?uo yaeyaony
iieo/aiea iaeneiaeueiie i?eauee.Aaie- yoi e?aaeeoiay i?aaiecaoeey,
eiathuay i?aai: i?eaeaeaoue aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa oece/aneeo e
th?eaee/aneeo eeoe; ?aciauaoue eo io naiaai eiaie e ca naie n/ao ia
oneiaeyo aica?aoiinoe, n?i/iinoe e ieaoiinoe; inouanoaeyoue ?an/aoiua
iia?aoeee ii ii?o/aieth eeeaioa.

Iniiaiua ooieoeee eiiia?/aneeo aaieia: aeeoioeyoeey, eee i?eaea/aiea
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa a aeaiiceou; eo ?aciauaiea- eiaanoeoeeiiiay
ooieoeey; ?an/aoii-eanniaia ianeoaeeaaiea eeeaioia.

Ioee/eoaeueiua /a?ou EA io OeA. Auiieiaiea OeA niaoeeoe/aneeo ooieoeee:
e?aaeeoi? iineaaeiae einoaioeee; caeiiioai?/aneay ooieoeey;
iiaeaea?aeaiea noaaeeueiinoe aaieianeie nenoaiu; yienneiiiay ooieoeey e
ae?.

EA - eiiia?/aneia i?aaei?eyoea, iaania/eaathuaa auaiaeiia iiiauaiea
e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia. A ie?iaie aaieianeie i?aeoeea a iineaaeiea aiaeu
iaiaoeeinue 2 oaiaeaioeee: n iaeiie noi?iiu- oieaa?naeecaoeey; n
ae?oaie- niaoeeaeecaoeey.

EA naaiaeiy auiieiytho oe?ieee e?oa iia?aoeee aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey
oeiainiauo iio?aaiinoae anao oeiia eeeaioia (aei 300 iia?aoeee).
Iniiaiua aeaeu iia?aoeee: - aaaeaiea aeaiiceoiuo n/aoia; - aaciaee/iue
ia?aaiae aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa; - i?eai naa?aaeaiee; - i?aaeinoaaeaiea
?acee/iuo aeaeia nnoae; - o?anoiaua iia?aoeee; - iia?aoeee n oeaiiuie
aoiaaaie e ae?.

Iia?aoeee eiiia?/aneeo aaieia i?aaenoaaeytho niaie eiie?aoiia i?iyaeaiea
aaieianeeo ooieoeee ia i?aeoeea.

A niioaaonoaee n ?inneeneei caeiiii ?I aaieao e aaieianeie
aeayoaeueiinoe? iniiaiua aeaeu iia?aoeee:

1. i?eaea/aiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa oece/aneeo e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe ai
aeeaaeu aei aino?aaiaaiey e ia n?ie;

2. i?aaeinoaaeaiea e?aaeeoia io naiaai eiaie ca n/ao nianoaaiiuo e
i?eaea/aiiuo n?aaenoa;

3. ioe?uoea e aaaeaiea n/aoia oece/aneeo e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe;

4. inouanoaeaiea ?an/aoia ii ii?o/aieth eeeaioia, a oii /enea
aaieia-ei??aniiiaeaioia;

5. eieannaoeey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, aaenaeae, ieaoaaeiuo e ?an/aoiuo
aeieoiaioia, eanniaia ianeoaeeaaiea eeeaioia;

6. oi?aaeaiea aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie ii aeiaiai?o n nianoaaiieeii eee
?anii?yaeeoaeai n?aaenoa;

7. iieoiea o th?eaee/aneeo e oece/aneeo eeoe eiino?aiiie aaethou a
iaee/iie e aaciaee/iie oi?ia;

8. inouanoaeaiea iia?aoeee n ae?aaioeaiiuie iaoaeeaie a niioaaonoaee n
aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii;

9. auaea/a aaieianeeo aa?aioee.

A caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iaiai?aii: iaaaieianeea e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee
ai?aaa inouanoaeyoue aaieianeea iia?aoeee, ca eneeth/aieai iia?aoeee,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo ioieoaie 1,2,3,9. Aeiionoeiia ni/aoaiea eiuo iia?aoeee
aeey iaaaieianeeo e?aaeeoiuo einoeoooia onoaiaaeeaaaony Aaieii ?innee.

Eiiia?/aneea aaiee ai?aaa inouanoaeyoue neaaeothuea naeaeee:

· auaea/a ii?o/eoaeuenoa ca o?aoueeo eeoe, i?aaeoniao?eaathueo
eniieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoa a aeaiaaeiie oi?ia;

· i?eia?aoaiea i?aaa o?aaiaaiey ii eniieiaieth iaycaoaeuenoa io
o?aoueeo eeoe a aeaiaaeiie oi?ia;

· ieacaiea eioi?iaoeeiiiuo e eiinoeueoaoeeiiiuo oneoa;

· i?aaeinoaaeaiea a a?aiaeo oece/aneei e th?eaee/aneei eeoeai
niaoeeaeueiuo iiiauaiee eee naeoia, a ieo iaoiaeyueony aeey o?aiaiey
aeieoiaioia eee oeaiiinoae;

· eeceiaiaua iia?aoeee.

E?aaeeoiua iia?aoeee ai?aaa inouanoaeyoue eiua naeaeee, i?enouea ae eae
th?eaee/aneiio eeoeo a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?O.

Ana iia?aoeee i?iaiaeyony a ?oaeyo, a i?e iaee/ee niioaaonoaothuae
eeoeaicee OeA- a aaethoa.

Eiiia?/aneei i?aaiecaoeeyi, a oii /enea aaieai cai?auaii caieiaoueny
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie, oi?aiaie e no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoueth (yoi
iaaaieianeea iia?aoeee). ******************





"Aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea, oeiainu e e?aaeeo"



1.Nouiinoue e ooieoeee oeiainia. Iniiau oai?ee oeiainia.

2.Iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeaiaa a ?uii/iie yeiiiieea.

3.Oeiainiaay nenoaia e a? caaiuey. Oeiainiaue eiio?ieue.

4.Aeaiaaeiue iai?io e aai no?oeoo?a.

5 . O eiainiaay iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa e a? ?ieue a ?aaoee?iaaiee
yeiiiieee.

6.Aaciaee/iue aeaiaaeiue iai?io e nenoaia aaciaee/iuo ?an/aoia.

7.No?oeoo?a e o/anoieee oeiainiaiai ?uiea. Oeiainiaua oiiaeu.

8.?ieue aeaiaa a iiaeaea?aeaiee iauayeiiiie/aneiai ?aaiiaaney.

9.Ainoaea?noaaiiua oeiainu. No?oeoo?a athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu ?innee.

10.Aeaiaaeiua ?aoi?iu.

11 . No?oeoo?a e eeanneoeeaoeey aeioiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa.

12.Nouiinoue, yeaiaiou e oeiu aeaiaaeiuo nenoai.

13.Eciaiaiey no?oeoo?u ?anoiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa.

14.Aoiaaeiua e e?aaeeoiua aeaiueae, caeiiiia?iinoe eo ia?auaiey.

15.Iiiyoea nnoaeiiai eaieoaea e enoi/ieee aai oi?ie?iaaiey. ?uiie
nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia.

16.Yienney aeaiaa e i?aaiecaoeey yienneiiiuo iia?aoeee.

17.Yeiiiie/aneay nouiinoue, ooieoeee e?aaeeoa e i?eioeeiu e?aaeeoiaaiey.


18.Eiiaa?oe?oaiinoue iaoeeiiaeueiuo aeaiaa, a? oeiu.

19.?ieue Oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea a inouanoaeaiee aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie
iieeoeee.

20.Aaethoiue eo?n.

21.Oeiainu i?aaei?eyoee. Eo ianoi a oeiainiaie nenoaia e
ainoaea?noaaiiie oeiainiaie iieeoeea.

22.Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ?an/aoiua iia?aoeee.

23.E?eoa?ee ioeaiee oeiainiaiai iieiaeaiey i?aaei?eyoey.

24.Iaiaoiaeeiinoue e?aaeeoa.

25.?aaoee?iaaiea aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu.

26.Nouiinoue, oi?iu e ooieoeee e?aaeeoa.

27.?uiie oeaiiuo aoiaa, aai o/anoieee.

28.Caeiiu e caeiiiia?iinoe e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaiee.

29.Iaoiae ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeaiaaeiie iannu.

30.?ieue e a?aieoeu e?aaeeoa.

31.Aeaiaaeiua ?aoi?iu a ?innee.

32.Oai?ee e?aaeeoa.

33.Oai?ey aeaiaa.

34.Nnoaeiue i?ioeaio e aai yeiiiie/aneay ?ieue.

35.Aeaiaaeia y nenoaia ?innee.

C6.E?aaeeo a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaieyo.

37.Caeiiu aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey.

38.Aaieianeay nenoaia e a? yeaiaiou.

39.Nouiinoue, oi?iu e ooieoeee aeaiaa.

40.Oeiu aaieia.

41.?ieue aeaiaa a yeiiiieea e nioeeaeueiie noa?a.

42.Aaieianeay eio?ano?oeoo?a.

43.Iaee/ii-aeaiaaeiue iai?io e aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea.

44.Oeaio?aeueiua aaiee e eo iia?aoeee.

45.Nouiinoue eioeyoeee, oi?iu a? i?iyaeaiey e iaoiaeu noaaeeecaoeee
aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey.

46.Eiiia?/aneea aaiee e eo iia?aoeee.

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