Alaska

southwesterly direction, so as to pass midway between the island of Attou

and the Copper island of the Kormandorski couplet or group in the North

Pacific ocean, to the meridian of one hundred and ninety-three degrees west

longitude, so as to include in the territory conveyed the whole of the

Aleutian islands east of that meridian. ARTICLE II In the cession of

territory and dominion made by the preceding article are included the right

of property in all public lots and squares, vacant lands, and all public

buildings, fortifications, barracks, and other edifices which are not

private individual property. It is, however, understood and agreed, that

the churches which have been built in the ceded territory by the Russian

government, shall remain the property of such members of the Greek Oriental

Church resident in the territory, as may choose to worship therein. Any

government archives, papers and documents relative to the territory and

dominion aforesaid, which may be now existing there, will be left in the

possession of the agent of the United States; but an authenticated copy of

such of them as may be required, will be, at all times, given by the United

States to the Russian government, or to such Russian officers or subjects

as they may apply for. ARTICLE III The inhabitants of the ceded territory,

according to their choice, reserving their natural allegiance, may return

to Russia within three years; but if they should prefer to remain in the

ceded territory, they, with the exception of uncivilized native tribes,

shall be admitted to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages, and

immunities of citizens of the United States, and shall be maintained and

protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property, and religion.

The uncivilized tribes will be subject to such laws and regulations as the

United States may, from time to time, adopt in regard to aboriginal tribes

of that country. ARTICLE IV His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias

shall appoint, with convenient despatch, an agent or agents for the purpose

of formally delivering to a similar agent or agents appointed on behalf of

the United States, the territory, dominion, property, dependencies and

appurtenances which are ceded as above, and for doing any other act which

may be necessary in regard thereto. But the cession, with the right of

immediate possession, is nevertheless to be deemed complete and absolute on

the exchange of ratifications, without waiting for such formal delivery.

ARTICLE V Immediately after the exchange of the ratifications of this

convention, any fortifications or military posts which may be in the ceded

territory shall be delivered to the agent of the United States, and any

Russian troops which may be in the territory shall be withdrawn as soon as

may be reasonably and conveniently practicable. ARTICLE VI In

consideration of the cession aforesaid, the United States agree to pay at

the treasury in Washington, within ten months after the exchange of the

ratifications of this convention, to the diplomatic representative or other

agent of his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, duly authorized to

receive the same, seven million two hundred thousand dollars in gold. The

cession of territory and dominion herein made is hereby declared to be free

and unencumbered by any reservations, privileges, franchises, grants, or

possessions, by any associated companies, whether corporate or incorporate,

Russian or any other, or by any parties, except merely private individual

property holders; and the cession hereby made, conveys all the rights,

franchises, and privileges now belonging to Russia in the said territory or

dominion, and appurtenances thereto. ARTICLE VII When this convention

shall have been duly ratified by the President of the United States, by and

with the advice and consent of the Senate, on the one part, and on the

other by his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, the ratifications

shall be exchanged at Washington within three months from the date hereof,

or sooner if possible. In faith whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries

have signed this convention, and thereto affixed the seals of their arms.

Done at Washington, the thirtieth day of March, in the year of our Lord one

thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven. [SEAL] WILLIAM H. SEWARD [SEAL]

EDOUARD DE STOECKL And whereas the said Treaty has been duly ratified

on both parts, and the respective ratifications of the same were exchanged

at Washington on this twentieth day of June, by William H. Seward,

Secretary of State of the United States, and the Privy Counsellor Edward de

Stoeckl, the Envoy Extraordinary of His Majesty the Emperor of all the

Russias, on the part of their respective governments, Now, therefore, be

it known that I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States of America,

have caused the said Treaty to be made public, to the end that the same and

every clause and article thereof may be observed and fulfilled with good

faith by the United States and the citizens thereof. In witness whereof, I

have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be

affixed. Done at the city of Washington, this twentieth day of June in the

year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, and of the

Independence of the United States the ninety-first. [SEAL] ANDREW JOHNSON

By the President:

WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary of State

The most important dates in the history of Alaska

January 3

- in 1959, Alaska became the 49th State.

January 23

- in 1971, the temperature at Prospect Creek, Alaska, dropped to 80

degrees below zero, the lowest temperature ever recorded in the United

States.

February 3

- in 1988, PL 100-241, the Alaska Native Claim Settlement Act

Amendments, were signed by President Regan. The amendments gave more

flexibilty to the corporations managing Settlement lands.

February 14

- in 1973, the Yukon Native Brotherhood presented a Statement of

Claim to the federal government, stating their position on land claims,

self-goverment and other issues which had been published in January in

"Together Today For Our Children Tomorrow".

February 16

- in 1944, the final weld on the Canol pipeline laid on by Bob

Shivel, 20 months after the project began.

February 22

- in 1951, after 3 years of rumours, the federal government

approved moving the capital of the Yukon from Dawson City to Whitehorse.

A new Federal Building was constructed in 1952, and the Territorial

Council chambers were moved the following year, with the first meeting

held in Whitehorse in April.

February 24

- in 1924, Carl Ben Eielson made Alaska's first Air Mail flight.

March (day unknown)

- in 1812, the Russian American Company establishes a post at Fort

Ross, California to grow crops for their Alaska operations.

March 12

- in 1914, a bill authorizing the construction of the government-

financed Alaska Railroad was signed by President Wilson. Construction

started in 1915, and some sections were opened as they were completed,

but the entire line, running from Seward to Fairbanks, was not completed

until July 15, 1923.

March 24

- in 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez went aground on Bligh Reef,

pouring almost 11 million gallons of oil into Prince William Sound.

March 27

- in 1964, an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.4 on the Richter

Scale hits the Anchorage area, killing 115 people and destroying hundreds

of homes.

- in 1975, the first section of pipe for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline

from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez was laid. By August, 21,600 people were

working on the project. The first oil was put through the 800-mile line

on June 20, 1977.

March 30

- in 1867, the United States purchased Alaska for $7,200,000

April 1

- in 1951, the Alaska Highway was turned over to Canada, in a

ceremony at Whitehorse.

April 3

- in 1898, a series of 5 avalanches in the Chilkoot Pass between

2:00 AM and noon killed over 70 people.

- in 1919, the Yukon finally allowed women to vote in Territorial

elections. Manitoba had been the first province to enfranchise women, in

1916, and federal enfranchisement was passed in May 1918.

May (day unknown)

- in 1904, the first commercial wireless communication facility in

the U.S. opened, between Nome and St. Michael.

May 7

- in 1906, the Alaska Delegate Act was passed by Congress, giving

the territory's 40,000 people the right to elect a non-voting delegate to

Congress.

May 12

- in 1778, Captain James Cook entered Prince William Sound.

May 26

- in 1778, Captain James Cook entered Cook Inlet.

- in 1894, a resolution of the Privy Council authorizes the North-

West Mounted Police into the Yukon "in the interests of peace and good

government, in the interests also of the public revenue." By June 26,

Inspector Charles Constantine and Staff-Sergeant Charles Brown were at

Juneau, heading for the goldfields of the British Yukon.

- in 1900, Congress authorized a massive telegraph construction

project in Alaska.

May 28

- in 1898, the ice broke on Lake Bennett; within the next few

weeks, 7,080 boats carrying 28,000 people passed the NWMP post at Tagish.

May 29

- in 1993, the Umbrella Final Agreement is signed by

representatives of the Council for Yukon Indians and the Yukon and

federal governemnts, establishing the basic format for all 14 Yukon First

Nations land claims agreements.

June 3

- in 1942, a large carrier-based Japanese force attacked Dutch

Harbour.

June 7

- in 1942, the Japanese landed almost 2,500 troops on the Aleutian

islands of Attu and Kiska. It took a huge Allied force until August 15,

1943 to regain control - the final invasion force numbered 34,426 troops.

June 13

- in 1898, the Yukon Territory is created.

June 20

- in 197, the first oil was pumped throught the 800-mile Trans-

Alaska Pipeline from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez.

July (day unknown)

- in 1786, while charting Lituya Bay, 2 small boats are swamped by

rip tides, and 21 French sailors drown.

- in 1968, the oil riches of Alaska's North Slope, first reported

almost 100 years ago, were confirmed by a drilling program at Prudhoe

Bay. The following year, a total of $990,220,590 was bid in a one-day

lease sale of those properties.

July 2

- in 1882, George Krause becomes the first white man allowed to

cross the Chilkat Pass to the interior.

July 3

- in 1913, the first airplane in Alaska made a demonstration flight

at Fairbanks, piloted by James V. Lilly.

July 8

- in 1799, the Russian American Company is formed by Royal Charter;

they were given a 20-year monopoly on trading on the coast from 55

degrees north.

July 10

- in 1919, Louis Beauvette staked the first silver claim at Keno

Hill, in the central Yukon; by 1930 this district was producing 14% of

all the silver mined in Canada.

July 14

- in 1897, the Excelsior reaches San Francisco with the first large

shipment of Klondike gold.

July 15

- in 1923, the Alaska Railroad was completed, following 8 years of

construction.

July 16

- in 1741, Vitus Bering, on St. Elias Day, sights the Alaskan

mainland. In honour of the saint, the most prominent peak was named; this

was the first point on the northwest coast named by Europeans.

July 17

- in 1897, the Portland reached Seattle with a large shipment of

Klondike, turning the excitement caused by the Excelsior's arrival at San

Francisco into an all-out gold rush.

July 22

- in 1902, Felice Pedroni ("Felix Pedro") discovered gold in the

Tanana Hills, causing a stampede which resulted in the founding of

Fairbanks.

July 23

- in 1867, Alaska's first post office is authorized, to be opened

at Sitka.

July 27

- in 1868, the Customs Act is amended to include Alaska.

July 29

- in 1900, the White Pass & Yukon Route railroad was completed,

with the Golden Spike driven at Carcross, Yukon.

August (day not known)

- in 1876, twelve whaling ships are trapped by ice near Point

Barrow; 50 men die attempting to reach safety.

August 17

- in 1896, a party consisting of George Carmack, his wife Kate,

Skookum Jim, Tagish Charlie and Patsy Henderson stake placer gold claims

on Rabbit Creek, and rename the creek Bonanza Creek.

August 21

- in 1732, a Russian expedition under surveyor Mikhail Gvozdev

sights the Alaska mainland at Cape Prince of Wales.

- in 1852, Fort Selkirk is destroyed by a group of Tlingits who

objected to the Hudson's Bay Company trying to break the Tlingit monopoly

on trade with the interior tribes.

August 24

- in 1912, the Alaska Territorial Act was passed by Congress.

August 25

- in 1778, Captain James Cook turned back south, having reached

Lat. 71 North, Long. 197 West.

September (day not known)

- in 1848, the Hudson's Bay Company builds Fort Selkirk, at the

confluence of the Pelly and Yukon Rivers.

- in 1871, of the 41 whaling ships hunting in the Bering Sea, 32

are trapped by early ice; all of the 1,200 people on the ships escaped,

but 31 of the ships were destroyed the following spring.

- in 1898 gold was discovered near the future site of Nome,

triggering a stampede.

September 24

- in 1942, the Alaska Highway opened at Contact Creek, 305 miles

north of Fort Nelson, B.C.

September 25

- in 1745, a Russian fur hunter, Mikhail Nevodchikov, reaches Attu

in his search for sea otters.

October 2

- in 1895, the North-west Territories was divided into the

Districts of Franklin, Mackenzie, Ungava and Yukon.

October 7

- in 1869, the prediction of a total solar eclipse by American

scientist George Davidson so impressed Kohklux, chief of the Chilkat

Indian village of Klukwan, he drew him an incredibly detailed map of a

vast part of the interior of the Yukon and Alaska.

October 18

- in 1867, official ceremonies at Sitka transferred Alaska from

Russia to the United States.

October 25

- in 1918, the coastal steamer Princess Sophia sunk near Juneau,

killing 463 people, about 10% of the Yukon's white population.

November 6

- in 1967, Jean Gordon, the Yukon's first female member of the

Territorial Council, takes her seat.

December 8

- in 1741, Vitus Bering died after his ship was wrecked on an

island off the Alaskan coast.

December 18

- in 1971, the Alaska Native Claim Settlement Act (ANCSA) was

signed into law by the President. Among the major provisions were the

transfer of title to 40 million acres of land to native corporations, and

a cash payment of $962.5 million.

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