country at age sixteen. This was bad news for his sister Mary an ardent
Catholic who refused to cooperate with Edward's religious reforms. However,
Edward got along well with his other sister, Elizabeth, a moderate
Protestant.
Edward suffered bouts of measles and smallpox in April 1552, and from that
time his health declined. By the next spring it was obvious that the king
was dying of consumption (tuberculosis). His father's will had specified
that Mary should become queen if Edward died without children, but
Northumberland had different ideas. He persuaded Edward to name the
Protestant Lady Jane Grey as his successor. Lady Jane was the granddaughter
of Henry VIII's sister Mary; she was also Northumberland's daughter-in-law,
and through her Northumberland hoped to rule England.
On July 6, 1553 Edward whispered his last prayer and died. He was fifteen
years old. He would be succeeded -- briefly -- by the unfortunate Lady
Jane.
JANE GREY
The unhappy childhood
Lady Jane Grey was born in 1537, just two days before King Edward VI, and
may have been his friend in childhood. Her father was Henry Grey, the
marquis of Dorset (later the duke of Suffolk). Her mother was Frances
Brandon, a niece of Henry VIII. At that time, Frances Brandon was third in
the line of succession to the throne. Jane had two younger sisters,
Katherine and Mary.
Jane's parents were, in her words, "sharp and severe" to her. She once told
a visitor to her family home, Bradgate Manor, that her mother and father
expected to do everything "as perfectly as God made the world, or else I am
sharply taunted, so cruelly threatened . . . that I think myself in hell."
She said that her parents pinched her and abused her in other ways she
would not name out of respect for them.
She found refuge in her studies, which she enjoyed so much that she cried
when her lessons were over for the day. "Whatsoever I do else, but
learning, is full of grief, trouble, fear, and whole misliking," she said.
Jane's parents had big dreams for their intellectual eldest daughter. They
hoped she would marry her cousin Edward and thus become queen of England.
When Jane was nine, her parents sent her to live with Henry VIII's widow,
Katherine Parr, and Katherine's new husband, Thomas Seymour. Jane was happy
with the Seymours, but Katherine soon died and Thomas Seymour was arrested,
forcing Jane to return to her parents.
Once, on a visit to Henry VIII's daughter Mary, Jane openly disparaged
Mary's Catholic beliefs. Although Mary was hurt, she later sent Jane a
pretty velvet dress to wear to court. Jane, who thought fine clothes were
sinful, tried to refuse the gift, saying it would be "a shame to follow my
Lady Mary against God's word," but her parents insisted she wear it in the
hope that it would impress the king. Many people expected Edward to marry
Jane, but he wanted to marry Mary, Queen of Scots, or some other foreign
princess.
By the time Jane was 15, her parents had abandoned their dream of marrying
her to King Edward. Jane now believed that she was betrothed to the duke of
Somerset's son, Lord Hertford. She was stunned when her parents informed
her that she was instead to marry Guildford Dudley, the youngest son of the
duke of Northumberland. Guildford was a handsome young man, one year Jane's
senior, but it seems Jane didn't like him very much. She refused to marry
him, and went on refusing until her mother literally beat her into
submission.
The unwanted Crown
Jane married Guildford Dudley in May of 1553. The marriage was consummated
the following month at Northumberland's command, but the couple continued
to live apart. Jane's new mother-in-law visited her on July 3 and told her,
"His Majesty hath made you heir to his realm." Jane said later that this
unexpected news "greatly disturbed" her.
Three days later the king died. Northumberland kept the death secret for
several days to prevent Edward's sister Mary from claiming the crown. But
on July 9 Mary, who was in Norfolk, heard the news and proclaimed herself
queen. On the same day Jane was taken to Northumberland's house and led to
a throne. Everyone bowed or curtsied to her. Realizing what was happening,
Jane began to shake. Northumberland made a speech announcing that Jane was
the new queen, at which Jane fell on the floor in a brief faint. No one
came to her assistance and she remained on the floor, sobbing.
Finally she got to her feet and announced, "The crown is not my right, and
pleaseth me not. The Lady Mary is the rightful heir."
When her parents, husband, and father-in-law remonstrated with her, Jane
dropped to her knees and prayed for guidance. She asked God to give her
"such spirit and grace that I may govern to Thy glory and service, and to
the advantage of the realm." Then she took her seat on the throne and
allowed those present to kiss her hand and swear their allegiance to her.
The next day Jane made her state entry into London. Most people felt that
Mary was the rightful heir to the throne, and very few cheers greeted Jane.
She was taken to the Tower of London, as was traditional. She protested
when the Lord High Treasurer brought her the crown, but after a while she
agreed to wear it. When the treasurer said that another crown would be made
for her husband, Jane was displeased. Despite Guildford's rage and tears,
she insisted that she would not permit him to be king.
For a few days Northumberland stayed close to Jane, bringing her documents
to sign and generally telling her what to do. Despite Jane's objection to
making Guildford king, Northumberland announced that both she and her
husband would be crowned in two weeks. Then Northumberland left with an
army to capture Mary, who was marching toward London with an army of her
own. While he was gone the nervous royal council decided to proclaim Mary
the rightful queen. The proclamation was made on July 19. The people of
London were jubilant. Determined to save himself, Jane's father signed the
proclamation making Mary queen, then went to his daughter's apartments and
tore down her canopy of estate, telling her she was no longer queen.
"Out of obedience to you and my mother I have grievously sinned," Jane said
quietly. "Now I willingly relinquish the crown. May I not go home? "Her
father left without answering her.
The bitterness of death
Jane remained in the Tower, where she and Guildford soon became prisoners.
Her father and Northumberland were also arrested and brought back to the
tower. Henry Grey was released after a few days. He and Frances did not
write to Jane or try to save her life. Although Northumberland hastily
converted to Catholicism and spoke of his desire to live and kiss Mary's
feet, he was executed in August.
On November 13 Jane and Guildford were tried and sentenced to death. Jane
wasn't worried, however, because she had been told that the queen would
pardon her. Then, in February of 1554, Sir Thomas Wyatt raised a revolt
against Mary. He was quickly arrested, but his rebellion hardened Mary's
heart against her enemies. She signed Jane and Guildford's death warrants.
When Jane heard the news she said, "I am ready and glad to end my woeful
days." The queen offered to reprieve Jane if she would convert to the
Catholic faith, but Jane refused.
Jane's father had supported the rebels, and he too was sentenced to death.
Now he wrote to Jane and asked for her forgiveness. She wrote back,
"Although it hath pleased God to hasten my death by you, by whom my life
should rather have been lengthened, yet can I patiently take it, that I
yield God more hearty thanks for shortening my woeful days."
Queen Mary granted Guildford permission to meet with Jane one last time,
but Jane refused to see her husband, saying that they would meet in a
better place, where friendships were happy.
On February 11 Jane watched from a window as her husband walked to Tower
Hill to be executed; later she saw his headless body being brought back to
the Tower, at which she cried, "Oh Guildford! Guildford! Oh, the bitterness
of death!"
About an hour later, Jane too made the walk to Tower Hill. On the scaffold
she knelt and recited the 51st Psalm, then blindfolded herself and asked
the executioner to kill her quickly. Unable to find the block, she
exclaimed, "What shall I do? Where is it?" A bystander helped her to the
block. She put her head on it and said, "Lord, into Thy hands I commend my
spirit." The executioner killer her with one blow and held up her head,
saying, "So perish all the queen's enemies! Behold the head of a traitor!"
MARY I
From Princess to bastard
"Bloody Mary" Tudor was born on February 18, 1516. She was the only
surviving child of King Henry VIII's first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Henry
doted on Princess Mary when she was little, calling her "the greatest pearl
in the kingdom." The princess received an excellent education, and was
carefully sheltered.
In 1522 Henry arranged Mary's betrothal to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
Charles was an adult, and Mary was just six years old; the marriage would
take place when she was twelve. Mary had met Charles and liked the idea of
marrying him. But in 1525 Charles broke off the engagement so that he could
marry Princess Isabella of Portugal. That same year Henry sent Princess
Mary to live in Wales, as was traditional for the king's heir.
The year 1527 started off well for Princess Mary. She returned to live at
