Джордж Вашингтон
GEORGE
WASHINGTON
By: Katya Zemtsova
9D, school № 17
supervisor: Beletskaya S. A.
2001
Министерство образования Российской Федерации
РЕФЕРАТ
по английскому языку
Тема: « Джордж Вашингтон »
Работу выполнила
Земцова Екатерина
ученица 9 “Д” класса
школы № 17
Работу проверила
преподаватель
Белецкая С.А
2001
GEORGE WASHINGTON
(1ST PRESIDENT)
Plan
1. Name
2. Physical Description
3. Personality
4. Ancestors
5. Father
6. Mother
7. Siblings
8. Collateral relatives
9. Children
10. Birth
11. Childhood
12. Education
13. Religion
14. Recreation
15. Early romance
A) Betsy Fauntleroy
B) Mary Philipse
C) Sally Fairfax
16. Marriage
17. Military Service
18. Career before the presidency
A) French and Indian War, 1754 – 1763
B) Member of House of Burgesses (1759 – 1774)
C) Delegate to Continental Congress (1774 – 1775)
D) Commander of Chief of Continental Army during Revolution (1775 –
1783)
E) President of Constitutional Convention, 1787
19. Election as President, First Term, 1789
20. Election as President, Second Term, 1792
21. INAUGURAL ADDRESS (First)
22. INAUGURAL ADDRESS (Second)
23. VICE PRESIDENT
CABINET:
A) Secretary state:
B) Secretary of the treasury
C) Secretary of war
D) Attorney General
24. ADMINISTRATION
A) Presidents
B) Indian Affairs
C) Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793
D) Whiskey Rebellion, 1794
E) Jay’s. Treaty, 1795
F) Pinckney’s Treaty, 1795
G) Farewell Address, 1796
H) Sates Admitted to the Union
I) Constitutional Amendments Ratified
25. SUPERME COURT APPOINTMENTS
26. Ranking in 1962 historians poll
27. Retirement
28. Death
29. Washington’s praise (speech)
30. Washington’s criticized (speech)
31. Washington’s quote(s) (speech)
NAME: George Washington. He was probably named after George Eskridge, a
lawyer in whose charge Washington's mother had been left when she was
orphaned.
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Washington was a large, powerful man—about 6 feet
2 inches tall, 175 pounds in his prime, up to more than 200 pounds in later
years. Erect in bearing, muscular, broad shouldered, he had large hands and
feet (size 13 shoes), a long face with high cheekbones, a large straight
nose, determined chin, blue-gray eyes beneath heavy brows and dark brown
hair, which on formal occasions he powdered and tied in a queue. His fair
complexion bore the marks of smallpox he contracted as a young man. He lost
his teeth, probably to gum disease, and wore dentures. According to Dr.
Reidar Sognnaes, former dean of the University of California at Los Angeles
School of Dentistry, who has made a detailed study of Washington's
bridgework, he was fitted with numerous sets of dentures, fashioned
variously from lead, ivory, and the teeth of humans, cows, and other
animals, but not from wood, as was popularly believed. Moreover, he was not
completely toothless. Upon his inauguration as president, Washington had
one of his own teeth left to work alongside the dentures. He began wearing
reading glasses during the Revolution. He dressed fashionably.
PERSONALITY: A man of quiet strength, he took few friends into complete
confidence. His critics mistook his dignified reserve for pomposity. Life
for Washington was a serious mission, a job to be tackled soberly,
unremittingly. He had little time for humor. Although basically good-
natured, he wrestled with his temper and sometimes lost. He was a poor
speaker and could become utterly inarticulate without a prepared text. He
preferred to express himself on paper. Still, when he did speak, he was
candid, direct, and looked people squarely in the eye. Biographer Douglas
Southall Freeman conceded that Washington's "ambition for wealth made him
acquisitive and sometimes contentious." Even after Washington had
established himself, Freeman pointed out, "he would insist upon the exact
payment of every farthing due him" and was determined "to get everything
that he honestly could." Yet neither his ambition to succeed nor his
acquisitive nature ever threatened his basic integrity.
ANCESTORS: Through his paternal grandmother, Mildred Warner Washington,
he descended from King Edward III (1312-1377) of England. His great-great-
grandfather the Reverend Lawrence Washington (c. 1602-1653) served as
rector of All Saints, Purleigh Parish, Essex, England, but was fired when
certain Puritan members accused him of being a "common frequenter of
Alehouses, not only himself sitting daily tippling there, but also
encouraging others in that beastly vice." His great-grandfather John
Washington sailed to America about 1656, intending to remain just long
enough to take on a load of tobacco. But shortly after pushing off on the
return trip, his ketch sank. Thus John remained in Virginia, where he met
and married Anne Pope, the president's great-grandmother.
FATHER: Augustine Washington (16947-1743), planter. Known to friends as
Gus, he spent much of his time acquiring and overseeing some 10,000 acres
of land in the Potomac region, running an iron foundry, and tending to
business affairs in England. It was upon returning from one of these
business trips in 1730 that he discovered that his wife, Jane Butler
Washington, had died in his absence. On March 6, 1731, he married Mary
Ball, who gave birth to George Washington 11 months later. Augustine
Washington died when George was 11 years old. > Because business had kept
Mr. Washington away from home so much, George remembered him only vaguely
as a tall, fair, kind man.
MOTHER: Mary Ball Washington (c. 1709-1789). Fatherless at 3 and
orphaned at 12, she was placed, in accordance with the terms of her
mother's will, under the guardianship of George Eskridge, a lawyer.
Washington's relationship with his mother was forever strained. Although
she was by no means poor, she regularly asked for and received money and
goods from George. Still she complained, often to outsiders, that she was
destitute and neglected by her children, much to George's embarrassment. In
1755, while her son was away serving his king in the French and Indian War,
stoically suffering the hardships of camp life, she wrote to him asking for
more butter and a new house servant. Animosity between mother and son
persisted until her death from cancer in the first year of his presidency.
SIBLINGS: By his father's first marriage, George Washington had two
half brothers to live to maturity—Lawrence Washington, surrogate father to
George after the death of their father, and Augustine "Austin" Washington.
He also had three brothers and one sister to live to maturity—Mrs. Betty
Lewis; Samuel Washington; John Augustine "Jack" Washington, father of
Supreme Court Justice Bushrod Washington; and Charles Washington, founder
of Charles Town, West "Virginia.
COLLATERAL RELATIVES: Washington was a half first cousin twice removed
of President James Madison, a second cousin seven times removed of Queen
Elizabeth II (1926-) of the United Kingdom, a third cousin twice removed of
Confederate General Robert E. Lee, and an eighth cousin six times removed
of Winston Churchill.
CHILDREN: Washington had no natural children; thus, no direct
descendant of Washington survives. He adopted his wife's two children from
a previous marriage, John Parke Custis and Martha Parke Custis. John's
granddaughter Mary Custis married Robert E. Lee.
BIRTH: Washington was born at the family estate on the south bank of
the Potomac River near the mouth of Pope's Creek, Westmoreland County,
Virginia, at 10 A.M. on February 22, 1732 (Old Style February 11, the date
Washington always celebrated as his birthday; in 1752 England and the
colonies adopted the New Style, or Gregorian, calendar to replace the Old
Style, or Julian, calendar). He was christened on April 5, 1732.
CHILDHOOD: Little is known of Washington's childhood. The legendary
cherry tree incident and his inability to tell lies, of course, sprang
wholly from the imagination of Parson Weems. Clearly the single greatest
influence on young George was his half brother Lawrence, 14 years his
senior. Having lost his father when he was 11, George looked upon Lawrence
as a surrogate father and undoubtedly sought to emulate him. Lawrence
thought a career at sea might suit his little brother and arranged for his
