Education (Образование в англоязычных странах)
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЙ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ВОЛГОГРАДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ
ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ НА ТЕМУ:
“Education”
Выполнила:
Студентка
Зизе Н. В.
Группы Э – 155.
Проверил:
Карасик А.В.
г. Волгоград 2001 год.
PLAN:
1. Pro-primary and Primary Education…………………..3
2.Oxbridge……………………………………………………………4
3.Translation:
а. Дошкольное и начальное образование…………………………..6
b. Оxbridge………………………………………………………...…7
4. DICTIONARY……………………………………..……………9
Pro-primary and Primary Education.
In some areas of England there are nursery schools for children under 5
years of age. Some children between two and five receive education in
nursery classes or in infants classes in primary schools. Many children
attend informal pre-school play-groups organised by parents in private
homes. Nursery schools are staffed with teachers and students in training.
There are all kinds of toys to keep the children busy from 9 o'clock in the
morning till 4 o'clock in the afternoon while their parents are at work.
Here the babies play, lunch and sleep. They can run about and play in
safety with someone keeping an eye on them.
For day nurseries which remain open all the year round the parents pay
according to their income. The local education authority's nurseries are
free. But only about three children in 100 can go to them: . there aren't
enough places, and the waiting lists are rather long.
Most children start school at 5 in a primary school. A primary school
may be divided into two parts—infants and juniors. At infants school
reading, writing and arithmetic are taught for about 20 minutes a day
during the first year, gradually increasing to about 2 hours in their last
year. There is usually no written timetable. Much time is spent in
modelling from clay or drawing, reading or singing.
By the time children are ready for the junior school they will be able
to read and write, do simple addition and subtraction of numbers.
At 7 children go on from the infants school to the junior school. This
marks the transition from play to "real work". The children have set
periods of arithmetic, reading and composition which are all Eleven Plus
subjects. History, Geography, Nature Study, Art and Music, Physical
Education, Swimming are also on the timetable.
Pupils were streamed according to their abilities to learn into A, B, С
and D streams. The least gifted are in the D stream. Formally towards the
end of their fourth year the pupils wrote their Eleven Plus Examination.
The hated 11 + examination was a selective procedure on which not only the
pupils' future schooling but their future careers depended. The abolition
of selection at Eleven Plus Examination brought to life comprehensive
schools where pupils can get secondary education.
Oxbridge
Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest and most prestigious universities in
Great Britain. They are often called collectively Oxbridge to denote an
elitarian education. Both universities are independent. Only very rich and
aristocratic families can afford to send their sons and daughters to these
universities. Mostly they are former public schools leavers.
The tutorial is the basic mode of instruction at Oxford and Cambridge,
with lectures as optional extras.
The normal length of the degree course is three years, after which the
students take the Degree of Bachelor of Arts (B. A.). Some courses, such as
languages or medicine, may be one or two years longer. The students may
work for other degrees as well. The degrees are awarded at public degree
ceremonies. Oxford and Cambridge cling to their traditions, such as the use
of Latin at degree ceremonies. Full academic dress is worn at examinations.
Oxford and Cambridge universities consist of a number of colleges. Each
college is different, but in many ways they are alike. Each college has its
name, its coat of arms. Each college is governed by a Master, The larger
ones have more than 400 members, the smallest colleges have less than 30.
Each college offers teaching in a wide range of subjects. Within the
college one will normally find a chapel, a dining hall, a library, rooms
for undergraduates, fellows and the Master, and also rooms for teaching
purposes.
Oxford is one of the oldest universities in Europe. It is the second
largest in Britain, after London. The town of Oxford is first mentioned in
the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 911
A. D. and it was popular with the early English kings (Richard Coeur de
Lion was probably here). The university's earliest charter is dated back to
1213.
There are now twenty-four colleges for men, five for women and another
five which have both men and women members, many from overseas studying for
higher degrees. Among the oldest colleges are University College, All Souls
and Christ Church.
The local car industry in East Oxford gives an important addition to the
city's outlook. There is a great deal of bicycle traffic both in Oxford and
Cambridge.
The Cambridge University started during the 13th century and grew until
today. Now there are more than thirty colleges.
On the river bank of the Cam willow trees weep their branches into the
water. The colleges line the right bank. There are beautiful college
gardens with green lawns and lines of tall trees. The oldest college is
Peterhouse, which was founded in 1284, and the most recent is Robinson
College, which was opened in 1977. The most famous is probably King's
College because of its magnificent chapel, the largest and the most
beautiful building in Cambridge and the most perfect example left of
English fifteenth-century architecture. Its choir of boys and
undergraduates is also very well known.
The University was only for men until 1871, when the first women's
college was opened. In the 1970s, most colleges opened their doors to both
men and women. Almost all colleges are now mixed.
Many great men studied at Cambridge, among them Desiderius Erasmus, the
great Dutch scholar, Roger Bacon, the philosopher, Milton, the poet, Oliver
Cromwell, the soldier, Newton, the scientist, and Kapitza, the famous
Russian physicist.
The universities have over a hundred societies and clubs, enough for
every interest one could imagine. Sport is part of students' life at
Oxbridge. The most popular sports are rowing and punting.
Дошкольное и Начальное Образование.
В некоторых областях Англии имеются детские сады для детей в возрасте
около 5. Некоторые дети между двумя и пятью годами получают образование в
дошкольных учреждениях или в классах первой ступени начальных школ. Много
детей посещают неофициальные дошкольные игровые группы, организованные
родителями в частных домах. Детские сады укомплектованы преподавателями и
студентами для обучения детей. Имеются все виды игрушек, чтобы занять детей
с 9 часов утром до 4 часов днем, в то время как их родители - на работе.
Здесь младенцы играют, завтракают и спят. Они могут бегать и играть в
безопасности под чьим – либо присмотром.
Родители платят за ясли, которые остаются открытыми круглый год
ежедневно из ходя из их личного дохода. Дошкольные учреждения, находящиеся
в ведении местных органов образования бесплатны. Но только приблизительно
трое детей из 100 могут посещать их, так как число мест ограниченно, а
списки ожидающих довольно длинны.
Большинство детей начинают обучение в 5 лет, посещая начальную школу.
Начальная школа может быть разделена на две части-младенцев и юниоров. В
яслях чтение, письмо и арифметика преподается приблизительно 20 минут в
день в течение первого года, постепенно увеличивая приблизительно до 2
часов в их последний год обучения. Обычно нет никакого постоянного
(письменного) расписания. Много времени уделяется лепки из глины или
рисованию, чтению или пению.
К тому времени как дети будут готовы к начальной школе, они будут
способны читать и писать, выполнять простейшее сложение и вычитание.
В 7 лет дети продолжают учёбу, переходя из детских садов в младшую
школу. Это отмечает переход от игры до " реальная работа ". Детям
устанавливают фиксированные в расписании уроки арифметики, чтения и
сочинения, которые являются обязательными для детей в возрасте 11 с
половиной лет. История, География, Природоведение, Искусство и Музыка,
Физкультура, Плавание - также включаются в расписание.
Ученики распределялись по патокам согласно их способностям учиться в A,
B, С и D потоки. Наименее способные ученики находились в D потоке.
Формально к концу четвертого года обучения ученики писали отборочные
экзамены в 11 с половиной лет. Ненавистные отборочные экзамены были
отборочной процедурой, от которой зависело не только будущее обучение
учеников, но и их будущая карьера. Отмена отборочных экзаменов, воплотила
в жизнь единую среднюю школу, где ученики могут получить среднее
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