Replacement Housing (Помещения для ремонтного молодняка)
Кубанский государственный аграрный университет
Кафедра иностранных языков
Реферат
на тему:
«Replacement Housing.»
(«Помещения для ремонтного молодняка»)
Подготовил: студент группы СТ-21
Деревенец Ф. Н.
Краснодар, 1998
Contents
Management factors. Affecting design 4
Facility management 5
Herd size and makeup 5
Management groups 6
Resting space 7
Feeding and watering space 7
Handling and treatment facilities 8
Prep room 8
Feed and bedding storage 8
Cold housing 11
Warm housing 11
Calf housing (up to weaning) 11
Hutches in Cold Housing 12
Hutch management 13
Individual Pen in Cold Housing 13
Individual Stall in Warm Housing 13
Transition housing (3-5 months) 15
Calf Shelter or Super Hutch 17
Transition Barn 17
Calf Barn 18
Heifer housing (6-24 months) 19
Freestall Housing 20
Two-row freestall barn 20
Two-row graduated freestall barn 21
Two-row gated freestall 22
Drive-through gated freestall 24
Bedded Pack 24
Counter-sloped barn 24
Optional outside lots 25
Факторы управления. Воздействие на проект. 27
Средства управления 28
Размеры и структура стада. 28
Управление группами 30
Помещения для отдыха 31
Пространство для кормления 31
Обработка и средства обработки 32
Подготовительное помещение 32
Хранение корма и подстилок 32
Холодное помещение 34
Теплое помещение 35
Помещения для телят (вплоть до отлучения) 36
Клетки в холодном помещении 36
Управление клетками 36
Индивидуальные загоны в холодном помещении 37
Индивидуальное стойло в теплом помещении 37
Переходное помещение (3-5 месяцев) 39
Укрытие для теленка или первоклассная клетка 41
Переходный сарай 42
Сарай для телят 44
Помещение для нетелей (6-24 месяцев) 44
Боксовые помещения 45
Двухрядный боксовый сарай 45
Двухрядный дифференцированный боксовый сарай 46
Двухрядный закрываемый бокс 47
Сквозной закрываемый бокс 48
Подстилочный узел 48
Встречно-наклонный сарай 49
Дополнительный внешний участок 51
As replacement heifers grow, their needs change. This includes a change
in needed physical environment. When a heifer is young, it is physically
separated from other animals to minimize the risk of disease. As it grows,
it is grouped with other animals to increase resistance to disease and
prepare the animal for the breeding herd. Eventually the animal enters the
breeding herd and finally the milking herd.
Each stage of production requires housing to meet the physical needs of
the animal.
Management factors. Affecting design
House replacement animals in separate facilities away from the milking
herd to foster a healthy environment for each group. Well-designed and
properly-managed replacement animal housing allows the ability to adopt the
best management practices currently recommended. Plan space, equipment,
environment, rations and care to meet the needs of each group. Manage
replacements in groups according to their specific requirements. Facility
design should allow for easy implementation of the management plan for each
group. When planning replacement animal housing, provide:
> Adequate resting and exercise space.
> Covered, dry and draft-free resting area.
> Good quality fresh air.
> Adequate space for feed and water.
> Space to group animals by size or age.
> Clean lots to maintain sanitary conditions.
> Isolation area for sick animals.
> Observation area for animals.
> Treatment facilities.
> Space for handling and restraint of animals.
Poorly planned or improperly managed animal housing increases the risk
of disease or injury. High humidities are especially detrimental to animal
health. Pneumonia, scours and other diseases can permanently damage vital
body organs and reduce milk producing potential of an animal. Calves and
heifers raised in a poor environment may never reach their full genetic
potential for milk production.
Facility management
For healthy, high producing replacement animals, provide high quality
housing and a management plan that addresses animals' needs. Good
management, understanding what to do and then doing it on schedule, is
important to the success of any housing system. Sanitation, stall
maintenance, bedding, ventilation control, feeding, herd health, treatment
and close observation are all important management practices. Young animals
may need training and/or time to get accustomed to using freestalls. Daily
or routine chores such as feeding, stall maintenance or manure removal
should be made as convenient as possible to make sure they are accomplished
in a timely manner.
Herd size and makeup
Herd size can mean either the number of cows actually milking or mature
cows both dry and milking. In this handbook, the herd size is the number of
mature cows.
Typical herd makeup, assuming uniform calving year-round, is given in
Table 1. The numbers in the table reflect no culling of heifers or calves.
Use this table to determine housing needed for each management group.
Provide:
> Calf housing (0-2 months).
> Transition housing (3-5 months).
> Heifer housing:
V 6-8 months
V 9-12 months
V 13-15 months (breeding age)
V 16-24 months
The number of replacement animals to be housed depends on the number of
milking cows and bred heifers. As herd size increases, so does number of
replacements. Increasing herd size without expanding facilities for
replacements results in crowding which can increase injury, disease
transmission, and lower growth rates.
Table 1. Typical management categories of a herd.[1]
This table is only a management guideline. These are categories and not
group size
|Herd size = total cows |75 |100 |250 |400 |
|Calves and heifers |75 |100 |250 |400 |
|0-2 months, 150 lb |6 |8 |20 |32 |
|3-5 months, 250 lb |9 |12 |30 |48 |
|6-8 months, 400 lb |9 |12 |30 |48 |
|9-12 months, 600 lb |14 |18 |45 |72 |
|13-15 months, 800 lb |9 |12 |30 |48 |
|16-24 months, 1,000 lb |29 |38 |95 |152 |
|Dry cows |13 |17 |43 |68 |
|Transition (first 4-14 days) |0-4 |1-5 |4-9 |5-16 |
|Next 40 days |8-9 |11-12 |28-30 |45-48 |
|(Divide in 2 groups) | | | | |
|Close-up |2-5 |3-6 |8-15 |16-24 |
|(2-3 weeks prepartum) | | | | |
|Maternity (individual pens) |3-5 |4-6 |10-16 |16-24 |
|Fresh cows |1-3 |1-4 |3-10 |4-12 |
|(from 0-7 days postpartum) | | | | |
|Two-years-old (305 days)[2] |18-24 |26-30 |65-75 |104-120 |
|Three years and older (305 |44 |58 |145 |232 |
|days) b |15-18 |20-24 |50-60 |80-96 |
|High producers | | | | |
|(120 days or less) |12-15 |16-20 |40-50 |60-72 |
|Medium producers |12-15 |16-20 |40-50 |60-72 |
|Low producers | | | | |
|Sick cows |0-4 |0-5 |0-13 |0-20 |
Management groups
Separating replacement animals into groups according to age, size or
special management needs allows each group to be treated according to its
needs. Plan building space and layout for these groups of animals using
Tables 2 and 3. More than one group can be housed in the same building, but
allow for managing each group separately. In larger herds, separate
facilities may be provided for each group. Some of the benefits of managing
animals in groups are:
> Healthier animals by minimizing the risk of transmitting disease to
younger animals.
> Good feed efficiency by reducing competition for feed.
> Calving at proper weight and size at 24 months.
> Feed handling ease, and proper diets according to age.
> Manure handling ease.
> Animal observation and handling ease for breeding, treatment and
grouping.
> Proper ventilation and environment.
> Proper resting space or freestall size.
Space requirements for a particular operation depend on the housing
system chosen and how replacements move from the resting area to feed and
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