of further emphasising royal authority over London. Between 1275 and 1285
the King spent over Ј21,000 on the fortress creating England’s largest and
strongest concentric castle (a castle with one line of defences within
another). The work included building the existing Beauchamp Tower, but the
main effort was concentrated on filling in Henry III’s moat and creating an
additional curtain wall on the western, northern and eastern side, and
surrounding it by a new moat. This wall enclosed the existing curtain wall
built by Henry III and was pierced by two new entrances, one from the land
on the west, passing through the Middle and Byward towers, and another
under St Thomas’s Tower, from the river. New royal lodgings were included
in the upper part of St Thomas’s Tower. Almost all these buildings survive
in some form today.
Despite all this work Edward was a very rare visitor to his fortress; he
was, in fact, only able to enjoy his new lodgings there for a few days.
There is no doubt though that if he had been a weaker king, and had to put
up with disorders in London of the kind experienced by his father and
grandfather, the Tower would have come into its own as an even more
effective and efficient base for royal authority.
King Edward’s new works were, however, put to the test by his son
Edward II (1307-27), whose reign saw a resurgence of discontent among the
barons on a scale not seen since the reign of his grandfather. Once again
the Tower played a crucial role in the attempt to maintain royal authority
and as a royal refuge. Edward II did little more than improve the walls put
up by his father, but he was a regular resident during his turbulent reign
and he moved his own lodgings from the Wakefield Tower and St Thomas’s
Tower to the area round the present Lanthorn Tower. The old royal lodgings
were now used for his courtiers and for the storage of official papers by
the King’s Wardrobe (a department of government which dealt with royal
supplies). The use of the Tower for functions other than military and
residential had been started by Edward I who put up a large new building to
house the Royal Mint and began to use the castle as a place for storing
records. As early as the reign of Henry III the castle had already been in
regular use as a prison: Hubert de Burgh, Chief Justiciar of England was
incarcerated in 1232 and the Welsh Prince Gruffydd was imprisoned there
between 1241 and 1244, when he fell to his death in a bid to escape. The
Tower also served as a treasury (the Crown Jewels were moved from
Westminster Abbey to the Tower in 1303) and as a showplace for the King’s
animals.
After the unstable reign of Edward II came that of Edward III (1327-77).
Edward III’s works at the Tower were fairly minor, but he did put up a new
gatehouse between the Lanthorn Tower and the Salt Tower, together with the
Cradle Tower and its postern (a small subsidiary entrance), a further
postern behind the Byward Tower and another at the Develin Tower. He was
also responsible for rebuilding the upper parts of the Bloody Tower and
creating the vault over the gate passage, but his most substantial
achievement was to extend the Tower Wharf eastwards as far as St Thomas’s
Tower. This was completed in its present form by his successor Richard II
(1377-99).
The Tower in Tudor Times:
A royal prison
The first Tudor monarch, Henry VII (1485-1509) was responsible for
building the last permanent royal residential buildings at the Tower. He
extended his own lodgings around the Lanthorn Tower adding a new private
chamber, a library, a long gallery, and also laid out a garden. These
buildings were to form the nucleus of a much larger scheme begun by his son
Henry VIII (1509-47) who put up a large range of timber-framed lodgings at
the time of the coronation of his second wife, Anne Boleyn. The building of
these lodgings, used only once, marked the end of the history of royal
residence at the Tower.
The reigns of the Tudor kings and queens were comparatively stable in terms
of civil disorder. However, from the 1530s onwards the unrest caused by the
Reformation (when Henry VIII broke with the Church in Rome) gave the Tower
an expanded role as the home for a large number of religious and political
prisoners.
The first important Tudor prisoners were Sir Thomas More and Bishop Fisher
of Rochester, both of whom were executed in 1535 for refusing to
acknowledge Henry VIII as head of the English Church. They were soon
followed by a still more famous prisoner and victim, the King’s second wife
Anne Boleyn, executed along with her brother and four others a little under
a year later. July 1540 saw the execution of Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex
and former Chief Minister of the King - in which capacity he had modernised
the Tower’s defences and, ironically enough, sent many others to their
deaths on the same spot. Two years later, Catherine Howard, the second of
Henry VIII’s six wives to be beheaded, met her death outside the Chapel
Royal of St Peter ad Vincula which Henry had rebuilt a few years before.
The reign of Edward VI (1547-53) saw no end to the political
executions which had begun in his father’s reign; the young King’s
protector the Duke of Somerset and his confederates met their death at the
Tower in 1552, falsely accused of treason. During Edward’s reign the
English Church became more Protestant, but the King’s early death in 1553
left the country with a Catholic heir, Mary I (1553-8). During her brief
reign many important Protestants and political rivals were either
imprisoned or executed at the Tower. The most famous victim was Lady Jane
Grey, and the most famous prisoner the Queen’s sister Princess Elizabeth
(the future Elizabeth I). Religious controversy did not end with Mary’s
death in 1558; Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) spent much of her reign
warding off the threat from Catholic Europe, and important recusants
(people who refused to attend Church of England services) and others who
might have opposed her rule were locked up in the Tower. Never had it been
so full of prisoners, or such illustrious ones: bishops, archbishops,
knights, barons, earls and dukes all spent months and some of them years
languishing in the towers of the Tower of London.
Little was done to the Tower’s defences in these years. The Royal Mint was
modified and extended, new storehouses were built for royal military
supplies. In the reign of James I (1603-25) the Lieutenant’s house - built
in the 1540s and today called the Queen’s House - was extended and
modified; the king’s lions were rehoused in better dens made for them in
the west gate barbican.
The Restoration and After:
The Tower and the Office of Ordnance
After a long period of peace at home, the reign of Charles I saw civil war
break out again in 1642, between King and Parliament. As during the Wars of
the Roses and previous conflicts, the Tower was recognised as one of the
most important of the King’s assets. Londoners, in particular, were
frightened that the Tower would be used by him to dominate the City. In
1643, after a political rather than a military struggle, control of the
Tower was seized from the King by the parliamentarians and remained in
their hands throughout the Civil War (1642-9). The loss of the Tower, and
of London as a whole, was a crucial factor in the defeat of Charles I by
Parliament. It was during this period that a permanent garrison was
installed in the Tower for the first time, by Oliver Cromwell, soon to be
Lord Protector but then a prominent parliamentary commander.
Today’s small military guard, seen outside the Queen’s House and the
Waterloo Barracks, is an echo of Cromwell’s innovation.
The monarchy was restored in 1660 and the reign of the new king, Charles II
(1660-85), saw further changes in the functions of the Tower. Its role as a
state prison declined, and the Office of Ordnance (which provided military
supplies and equipment) took over responsibility for most of the castle,
making it their headquarters. During this period another long-standing
tradition of the Tower began - the public display of the Crown Jewels. They
were moved from their old home to a new site in what is now called the
Martin Tower, and put on show by their keeper Talbot Edwards.
Schemes for strengthening the Tower’s defences, some elaborate and up
to date, were also proposed so that in the event of violent opposition,
which was always a possibility during the 1660s and 1670s, Charles would
not be caught out as his father had been earlier in the century. In the
end, none of these came to much, and the Restoration period saw only a
minor strengthening of the Tower. Yet the well equipped garrison which
Charles II and his successors maintained was often used to quell
disturbances in the City; James II (1685-8) certainly took steps to use the
Tower’s forces against the opposition which eventually caused him to flee
into exile.
Under the control of the Office of Ordnance the Tower was filled with a
series of munitions stores and workshops for the army and navy. The most
impressive and elegant of these was the Grand Storehouse begun in 1688 on
the site where the Waterloo Barracks now stand. It was initially a weapons
store but as the 17th century drew to a close it became more of a museum of
arms and armour. More utilitarian buildings gradually took over the entire
area previously covered by the medieval royal lodgings to the south of the
White Tower; by 1800, after a series of fires and rebuildings, the whole of
this area had become a mass of large brick Ordnance buildings. All these,
however, have been swept away, and the only surviving storehouse put up by
the Ordnance is the New Armouries, standing against the eastern inner
curtain wall between the Salt and Broad Arrow towers.
While the Ordnance was busy building storehouses, offices and workshops,
the army was expanding accommodation for the Tower garrison. Their largest
building was the Irish Barracks (now demolished), sited behind the New
Armouries building in the Outer Ward.
The Tower in the 19th Century:
From fortress to ancient monument
Between 1800 and 1900 the Tower of London took on the appearance which to a
large extent it retains today. Early in the century many of the historic
institutions which had been based within its walls began to move out. The
first to go was the Mint which moved to new buildings to the north east of
the castle in 1812, where it remained until 1968, when it moved to its
present location near Cardiff. The Royal Menagerie left the Lion Tower in
1834 to become the nucleus of what is now London Zoo, and the Record Office
(responsible for storing documents of state), moved to Chancery Lane during
the 1850s, vacating parts of the medieval royal lodgings and the White
Tower. Finally, after the War Office assumed responsibility for the
manufacture and storage of weapons in 1855, large areas of the fortress
were vacated by the old Office of Ordnance.
However, before these changes took place the Tower had once again - but for
the last time - performed its traditional role in asserting the authority
of the state over the people of London. The Chartist movement of the 1840s
(which sought major political reform) prompted a final refortification of
the Tower between 1848 and 1852, and further work was carried out in 1862.
To protect the approaches to the Tower new loop-holes and gun emplacements
were built and an enormous brick and stone bastion (destroyed by a bomb
during the Second World War) constructed on the north side of the fortress.
Following the burning down of the Grand Storehouse in 1841, the present
Waterloo Barracks was put up to accommodate 1,000 soldiers, and the Brick,
Flint and Bowyer towers to its north were altered or rebuilt to service it;
the Royal Fusiliers’ building was erected at the same time to be the
officers’ mess. The mob never stormed the castle but the fear of it left
the outer defences of the Tower much as they are today.
The vacation of large parts of the Tower by the offices which had
formerly occupied it and an increasing interest in the history and
archaeology of the Tower led, after 1850, to a programme of ‘re-
medievalisation’. By then the late 17th and 18th-century Ordnance buildings
and barracks, together with a series of private inns and taverns, such as
the Stone Kitchen and the Golden Chain, had obscured most of the medieval
fortress. The first clearances of these buildings began in the late 1840s,
but the real work began in 1852, when the architect Anthony Salvin, already
known for his work on medieval buildings, re-exposed the Beauchamp Tower
and restored it to a medieval appearance. Salvin’s work was much admired
and attracted the attention of Prince Albert (husband of Queen Victoria),
who recommended that he be made responsible for a complete restoration of
the castle. This led to a programme of work which involved the Salt Tower,
the White Tower, St Thomas’s Tower, the Bloody Tower and the construction
of two new houses on Tower Green.
In the 1870s Salvin was replaced by John Taylor, a less talented and
sensitive architect. His efforts concentrated on the southern parts of the
Tower, notably the Cradle and Develin towers and on the demolition of the
18th-century Ordnance Office and storehouse on the site of the Lanthorn
Tower, which he rebuilt. He also built the stretches of wall linking the
Lanthorn Tower to the Salt and Wakefield towers. But by the 1890s,
restoration of this type was going out of fashion and this was the last
piece of re-medievalisation to be undertaken. The work of this period had
succeeded in opening up the site and re-exposing its defences, but fell far
short of restoring its true medieval appearance.
The second half of the 19th century saw a great increase in the number of
visitors to the Tower, although sightseers had been admitted as early as
1660. In 1841 the first official guidebook was issued and ten years later a
purpose-built ticket office was erected at the western entrance. By the end
of Queen Victoria’s reign in 1901, half a million people were visiting the
Tower each year.
The 20th Century
The First World War (1914-18) left the Tower largely untouched; the only
bomb to fall on the fortress landed in the Moat. However, the war brought
the Tower of London back into use as a prison for the first time since the
early 19th century and between 1914-16 eleven spies were held and
subsequently executed in the Tower. The last execution in the Tower took
place in 1941 during the Second World War (1939-45). Bomb damage to the
Tower during the Second World War was much greater: a number of buildings
were severely damaged or destroyed including the mid-19th century North
Bastion, which received a direct hit on 5 October 1940, and the Hospital
Block which was partly destroyed during an air raid in the same year.
Incendiaries also destroyed the Main Guard, a late 19th-century building to
the south-west of the White Tower. During the Second World War the Tower
was closed to the public. The Moat, which had been drained and filled in
1843, was used as allotments for vegetable growing and the Crown Jewels
were removed from the Tower and taken to a place of safety, the location of
which has never been disclosed. Today the Tower of London is one of the
world’s major tourist attractions and 2.5 million visitors a year come to
discover its long and eventful history, its buildings, ceremonies and
traditions.
Использованные источники:
Интернет-сайт The Castles Of England
Официальный сайт The Tower of London
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