Water World as Another Home for the English Nation Reflected in the English Folklore
The British are a most curious nation in many aspects. When a tourist
from whatever continent comes to visit Britain the first conclusion he
arrives at is how bizarre the people living there are. The main reason to
their uniqueness will certainly lie on the surface: Great Britain is an
island that had to grow up and all the long way of its history alone being
separated from the rest of the world by great amounts of water. This very
characteristics turned them into not only a curious nation, but also an
interesting and special one, whose history and culture one of the richest
in the world. And the water surrounding the island played not a minor part
in its forming. So the British people respect and cherish their “watery”
neighbour who from the earliest stages of their history up to now gave them
food, drink, work, power, respect of other nations, wealth and after all
entertainment. It inspired a huge number of stries, tales, poems ,
superstitions and prejudicies and it has always been worshipped by the
people.
The field of the country’s economy connected with water was always a
great concern for those who ruled it for they naturally attached much
importance to it. From the times when the English society was being born
and only beginning to take shape kings already would interest themselves in
the conditions of trading across the sea. In the eleventh century Cnut on a
pilgrimage to Rome took the opportunity of obtaining from the Emperor and
other rulers he met there greater security and reduction of talls for his
subjects, traders and others, travelling in their lands. Already in the
eighth century an English merchant called Botta was settled at Marceilles,
perhaps as an agent for collecting goods to be sold in England. The Viking
rades of the late eighth and ninth centuries disrupted trade on the
Continent, but Englishmen may well have taken part in the Baltic trade
opened up by this time. At least, there is no reason to deny English
nationality to a certain Wulfstan who described to King Alfred a journey
taken to the Frisches Haff; he has an English name.
On the other hand, we hear of foreign traders in England from early
times. Bede speaks of London as the “mart of many nations, resorting to it
by sea and land”, and mentions the purchase of a captive by a Frisian
merchant in London. But the strongest evidence for the amount of sea
traffic in Frisian hands is the assumption of an Anglo-Saxon poet that a
seaman is likely to have a Frisian wife:
Dear is the welcome guest to the Frisian woman when the ship
comes to land. His ship is come and her husband, her own bread –
winner, is at home, and she invites him in, washes his stained
raiment and gives him new clothes, grants him on land what his love
demands.
Men from other lands came also. At the end of the tenth century a
document dealing with trade in London speaks of men from Rouen, Flanders,
Ponthieu, Normandy, France; from about the same date comes a description of
York as the resort of merchants from all quarters, especially Danes.
The merchants and seamen plied an honoured trade. The poets speak with
appreciation of the seaman “who can boldly drive the ship across the salt
sea” or “can steer the stem on the dark wave, knows the currents, (being)
the pilot of the company over the wide ocean”, and it was at least a
current opinion in the early eleventh century that the merchant who had
crossed the sea three times at his own cost should be entitled to a thane’s
rank. The merchant in Aelfric’s “Colloquy” stresses the dangers of his lot:
I go on board my ship with my freight and row over the regions
of the sea, and sell my goods and buy precious things which are not
produced in this land, and I bring it hither to you with great danger
over the sea, and sometimes I suffer shipwreck with the loss of all
my goods, barely escaping with my life.
As we see people working in the sea or over the seas gained much
respect in the society and were loved by others. But so much for the
economical aspect. The water, as we already mentioned earlier, was one of
the greatest attractions as a source of entertainment.
Fishing, like hunting, was highly popular in England, but these were
pleasures reserved for the nobility. In the twelfth century, when the kings
had normally been so strong, they had claimed such oppressive fishing –
rights that all the classes had united in protest. One of the demands of
the rebels in 1381 was that hunting and fishing should be common to all;
not only was this refused, but in 1390 Parliament enacted a penalty for one
year’s imprisonment for everyone who should presume to keep hunting – dogs
or use ferrets or snares to catch deer, rabbits, or any other game. Fishing
and hunting, said the statute, was the sport for gentlefolk.
So this is a scetch or an outline of reasons explaining why our
ancestors valued so much the rivers, lakes, seas of their land – and it is
worth mentioning that their land abounds in all that – and why they
respected the work of sailors, merchants or travellers. All this is
important for the understanding of how it was becoming an unseparable part
of their culture and how it is reflected in their culture. In this work we
would like to pay close attention to just one aspect of the whole rich
cultural inheritance, and that is folklore.
CHAPTER 2
What is folklore? Funk and Wagnall’s “Standard Dictionary of
Folklore, Mythology and Legend” (1972) offers a staggering 22 definitions,
running to half a dozen pages. In recent years definitions have tended to
be all – embracing in their simplicity: folklore is made up of “the
traditional stories, customs and habits of a particular community or
nation” says the “Collins Cobuild Dictionary” of 1987.
More specific definitions also abound; perhaps, folklore should be
identified as the community’s commitment to maintaining stories, customs
and habits purely for their own sake. ( A perfect example of this would be
the famous horse race at Siena in Italy: the p a l i o attracts many
thousands of tourists, yet if not a single outsider attend, the people of
the community would still support the event year after year).
But what about those events or beliefs which have been recently
initiated or which are sustained for reasons of commercial gain or tourism?
Many customs are not as ancient as their participants may claim but it
would be foolish to dismiss them as irrelevant. Some apparently ancient
customs are, in fact, relatively modern, but does this mean they cannot be
termed as folklore? The spectacular fire festival at Allendale, for
instance, feels utterly authentic despite the fact that there is no record
of the event prior to 1853. There are many other cases of new events or
stories which have rapidly assumed organic growth and therefore deserve the
status of being recognised as folklore.
Any work covering the question of folklore must be selective, but here
we shall attempt to explore and celebrate the variety and vigour of
Britain’s folklore concerning “waterworld” traditions, beliefs and
superstitions. A wide geographical area is covered: England, Scotland and
Wales with some reference to Ireland and other territories.
Entire books – indeed, whole libraries of books – have been written on
every aspect of folklore: on epitaphs and weather lore, folk medicine and
calendar customs, traditional drama and sports and pastimes, superstitions,
ghosts and witchcraft, fairs, sea monsters and many others. While trying to
cram much into little work I have avoided generalisation. Precise details
such as names, dates and localities are given wherever possible and there
are some references to features that still can be seen - a mountain, a
bridge, a standing stone or a carving in a church.
Classic folklore belongs within the country to the basic unit of the
parish. Most parishes could produce at least a booklet and in some cases a
substantial volume on their own folklore, past and present . It would be a
mistake, however, to think that rural customs, dance and tale were the
whole picture, because there is a rich picture of urban and industrial
folklore as well – from the office girl’s prewedding ceremonies to urban
tales of phantom hitchhickers and stolen corpses.
In this age of fragmentation, speed and stress, people often seem to
thirst for something in which they can take an active part. There is a need
to rediscover something which is more permanent and part of a continuing
tradition. By tapping into our heritage of song and story, ritual and
celebration, our lives are given shape and meaning.
In some cases all we have to do is join in with an activity which is
already happening; in others it will perhaps mean reviving a dance or a
traditional play. But however we choose to participate, as long as we
continue to use, adapt and develop the elements of our folklore heritage it
will survive.
So this work may be regarded as an attempt to encourage us all to seek
out the stories and customs of country, county, town, village, to
understand and enjoy them and to pass them on.
THE WATERY WORLD
Not a single town or village in England is situated more than a
hundred miles from the sea, except for a few places in the Midlands, and
