Билеты и ответы на них по Английскому языку на 2002 год
Билеты по английскому языку
Our Country
Britain, is .only a small country, but every part is different. Scotland is
a land of mountains, lakes and romantic castles. The
winters are cold, with plenty of snow, but the summers are often warm and
sunny. Deer live in the hills, and the rivers are full of salmon.
Edinburgh, Scotland's capital, is very beautiful. The heart
of the city is the castle, where the kings of Scotland lived for centuries.
Edinburgh has a busy cultural life. Every year, in August,
the International Festival takes place. Musicians, actors and singers come
from all over the world and thousands of visitors fill the city. In the
evening, the opera house, the theatres and concert halls are
full. In cafes and pubs, small groups sing, act and read poetry. The castle
is at its best in Festival tune.Every night there is a magnificent military
«Tattoo». Highland soldiers wearing «kilts» play the bagpipes and march to
the music. Tartans, the patterns of the kilts, have an interesting history.
Since the fifteenth century, each Scottish family (or ‘clan') has worn its
own tartan as a kindof badge. It was a useful way of recognising people,
especially in times of war.
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Many tartans date only from the nineteenth century, but some of the old
patterns still exist. «Dress» tartans, worn on special occasions, have
light, bright colours. Hunting tartans are usually green, blue, or brown.
Wales is a country of high mountains and pretty valleys. But Wales has
plenty of industry, too. There are.many factories and coal mines there. The
people of Wales are very musical. Every year they have a festival of Welsh
music and poetry called an «Eisteddfod».
A hundred years ago the north of England was the industrial heart
of the country. The old factories have gone now and the workers have to
look for Jobs in the new«high-tech» industries. The centre of England (the
«Midlands») is also an important industrial area, especially near the huge
cities of Coventry and Birmingham, the centre of
car industry. The west of England is a rich farming country. It produces
milk, cream, butter, cheese and apples. Northern Island is beautiful too.
In the warm, wet climate n of the land is farming.
Britain is an island and there is no place to be too far fronr sea.
Some of the coast, especially in the west, is wild and ro with small, sandy
beaches, and romantic harbours.
Vocabulary
Castle – замок Deer
- олень
Edinburgh – Эдинбург Bagpipe -
волынка
Tattoo – барабанная дробь Tartan –
шотландский плед
Salmon – лосось
cathedral- собор
coal mines – угольные шахты Beache – берег
Harbour – гавань
“high- tech” industries – отрасли высоких технологий
Eisteddfod – айстедвод, состязаниек бардов
Problems of city and coutry life
The saga of discovery and settlement of the New Worid, begun by European's
in the late 15th century, lasted more than 200 years. Snccessive
transatlantic crossings, first into the Caribbean and then to the coast of
Canada and along the coast of South America, describe the general pattern
of exploration by the Spanish, Portuguese, falians, French, and English.
Several factors made the Age of Exploration possible. Medieval
cartographers placed Jerusalem at the center of the earth. But in the 15th
century. Western scholars rediscovered Ptolemy's «Geography», with its maps
of a semispheric earth that accurately located all distant places.
Improvements in
equipment enabled the construction of larger, more manoeuvrable ships.In-
the East Europeans were cut off from land routes to India and China. The
need for new avenues of trade with the Far East led to theseafaring
explorations of the Age of Discovery.
In 1492 the Italian Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic in a Spanish-
backed attempt to find a new trading route to the Far East. While that
objective went unfulfilled, subsequent voyages by explorers did much to
reveal both the complexities of transatlantic navigation and the nature of
the New World. Simultaneously, Portuguese seafarers led by Bartolomeu Dias
had pushed southward to the Cape of Good Hope, mapping the entire western
coast of Africa in the process and proving the existence of a sea route
between Europe and India. In 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian sea captain,
completed the first recorded transatlantic voyage by an English vessel,
while attempting to find a north-west passage to Asia. Cabot died during
the second attempt to find a direct route to Cathay in 1498. Althoughl
Sebastian Cabot continued his father's explorations in the Hudson Bay
region in 1508-1509, England's interest in the New World waned. However,
Cabot's voyages established England's belated claim to America, In 1520
Ferdinand Magellan discovered the strait, now bearing his name, that links
the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The discovery of Cape Horn at the
southernmost tip of South America was made in 1578 by the English navigator
Francis Drake; this provided a more suitable route for trading ships.
Colonisation followed exploration, and, as isolated outposts gave way to
larger protected settlements and military garrisons in the 17th and l8th
centuries, the tide of colonists to the New World and the exploitation of
natural resources from both land and sea increased. The explorers were
inspired by curiosity and the desire tc become wealthy. The Age of
Exploration enriched Europe.
Vocabulary
saga - увлекательная история New World
-Новый Свет
successive – последующий exploration
-исследование
Ptolemy - Птолемей
accurately - точно
Columbus - Колумб' trading
route - торговый путь
subsequent – последующий voyage -
морское путешествие
explorer - исследователь reveal —
показать
simultaneously - одновременно vessel -
судно
wane - уменьшиться belated
-запоздалый
claim - притязание
Ferdinand Magellan - Фернандо Магелан
arrison - гарнизон
Caribbean - карибскии, относящийся к Карибскому морю
Age of Discovery = Age of Exploration - эпоха Великих ографических открытий
Barrtolomeu Dias - Бартоломеу Диаш
Education and future
profession
The seventeenth century was the time of the development of various branches
of science. The new mood had been established by Francis Bacon. Bacon was a
lawyer who entered Parliament early and became James I's Lord Chancellor.
Bacon bad a wide range of scholarly interests. He had the reputation of
being the most learned man of his time. Francis Bacon's goal was synthesis.
He wanted to organize 'all knowledge' in a united whole. He defined the
scientific method in a form that is still relevant and stimulates the
growth of science. Every scientific idea, he argued, must be tested by
experiment. With idea and experiment following one the other, the whole
natural world would be understood. In the rest of the century British
scientists put these ideas into practice.
Bacon made a great contribution to historical writing. He was a master
stylist - his scientific works can be read with pleasure, as literature. He
saw himself as an intellectual Columbus, revealing new world of science to
his contemporaries, and bringing back hips freighted with useful knowledge.
In his «New Atlantis» Bacon described an island governed by an Academy of
Sciences, founded 'for the knowledge of causes, and secret motion of
things; and the enlarging the bounds of human empire, to the effecting of
all things possible'. This is the most accessible and exciting of his
writings on science.
In his essay «Of Study» Francis Bacon regards studies as they should be:
for pleasure, for self-improvement, for business. He considers the evils of
excess study: laziness, affectation, and preciosity. Bacon divides books
into three categories; those to be read in part, those to be read casually,
and those to be read with care. Studies should include reading, which gives
depth: speaking, which adds readiness of thought; and writing, which trains
in preciseness. The author ascribes certain virtues to individual fields of
study: wisdom to history, wit to poetry, subtlety to mathematics, and depth
to natural philosophy. This essay has intellectual appeal indeed.
Meanwhile, scientists, were demystifying the universe. Nobody knows for
sure who invented the telescope, but Galileo Galilei had built one of his
own. With it he was able to confirm the heretical speculations of
Copernicus, Kepler and Tyeho Brahe that the sun, not the earth, was the
center of our universe. The specific origins of the microscope are equally
obscure. In the 17th century. Robe Hooke used it to describe accurately the
anatomy of a flea and the design of a feather; Antonie de Leeuwenhoek
discovered a world of wriggling organisms in a drop of water. The invention
of logarithms and calculus led to more accurate clocks and optical
instruments.
By 1700 Galileo, Rene Descartes, Sir Isaac Newton and other scientists
