had clarified the principles by which machines work. Henceforth Western
civilization's technological supremacy was beyond challenge. Mechanical
invention led inevitably to another step in the West's commercial and
political hegemony over the world: the Industrial Revolution.
Vocabulary
science - наука branches of
science - области науки
establish – создать define -
давать (точное) определение
make a contribution to - внести вклад в contemporary - современник
freight - грузить, фрахтовать Academy of Sciences -
Академия Наук
«New Atlantis» - Новая Атлантида accessible - доступная
exciting – увлекательный confirm -
подтверждать
demystify – раскрывать heretical -
еретический
speculation - размышление microscope - микроскоп
obscure – неясный henceforth - с
этого времени, впредь
technological supremacy - техническое превосходство calculus -
исчисление
Problems of the youth (friendship, love, conflicts)
In 1605 the first Europeans came to Manhattan island from Holland. In
1626, Peter Minuit, governor of the Dutch settlements in North America
known as New Amsterdam bought the island from the Native Americans for a
few glass necklaces, valued about twenty-four dollars today. In 1609 Henry
Hudson entered the River of the Mountains. In 1613 the Dutch-built: only
four small houses on Manhattan’s a fur trading station. It was not until
1623, ten years more, that they started a real settlement, town of New
Amsterdam in honour of the capital of their country in Europe. In 1644
when the English acquired the island, the village New Amsterdam was renamed
New York. Today Manhattan is the heart of America's business and culture.
It is the most important banking re in the world. Fewer than two million of
the city's eight million people live on the island.
In 1789 on the steps of Federal Hall George Washington took the oath of
office when he became the first president of the United States of America.
During the years 1785 to 1790 New York was the capital of the United
States. Due to its natural advantages as a our, and the rising tide of
immigration from all parts of the world the role of New York as the leading
city accelerated. Villages grew throughout the entire area.
For the visitor New York means skyscrapers, tremendous traffic, dazzling
neon advertisements. Manhattan is full of parallel rows of buildings, those
running from north to south are called avenues while those running from
east to west are called streets. avenues and streets have only numbers
instead of names. Wall Street from its very beginning became the market
place of money. It was here that a walled stockade was erected to repulse
the Indians its name. As the city expanded the stockade was dismantled as
of no further use, but the market place for the purchase of bonds and
securities remained.
Like every big city, New York has its own traffic system. Traffic can be
terrible, and it is usually quicker to go by subway. It goes to almost
every comer of Manhattan. New York is an international city, the place to
try something new. It may be an experience you will never forget.
Vocabulary
settlement – колония
necklace - ожерелье value - стоимость
governor
-губернатор skyscrapers - небоскребы
market place – рынок
stockade - укрепление, форт
dismantl - разобрать
purchase - покупка
bonds - облигации
securities - ценные бумаги
subway - метро
traffic jams - дорожные пробки
dazzling neon advertisements - сверкающие неоновые рекламы
Sport and healthy life style
Аs Revolutionary America had produced two commanding figures who became
world-wide known, Washington and Franklin, so the youthful republic raised
into fame two brilliantly able men whose reputations spread beyond the seas
- Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. They represented two powerful
though different tendencies in American life, Hamilton the tendency toward
closer union and a stronger national government, Jefferson the tendency
toward a broader, freer democracy.
Hamilton had been born in Nevis, a little island of the Lesser lies, to a
Scottish father and a Huguenot mother. He grew up ambitious, generous,
devoted, proud, quick to take offences and inexhaustible energy. His
achievements all arose from his combination of brilliancy, self-confident
ambition, and industry. His father had no money to scud him to college. But
a terrible hurricane-swept the Antilles, and he wrote a description of it
which attract; so roach attention that his aunts sent him to the American
mail land. He entered King's College in New York, and threw himself into
contact with the radicals of the town who were leading the n volt against
royal authority. When at twenty-two he became
captain of an artillery company, he took his books to camp and studied far
into the night.
Besides brilliancy and ambition, Hamilton had other quality which served
him well. He possessed great personal attractiveness With reddish-brown
hair, bright brown eyes, fine forehead, and firm mouth and chin, he was
very handsome, his face animated an pleasant when he talked, severe and
thoughtful when he was , work. He liked a lively dinner party and shone in
any circle which offered intellectual companions, and witty talk. As leader
of New York patriots, he was brought to Washington's notice an made him the
general's principal aide, it enabled him to lead dramatic assault at the
siege of Yorktown, it rendered him the principal figure in Washington's
administration, and it gave him command of a great party. He had remarkable
talents as an executive and organizer. He wrote and spoke much. Yet he also
showed striking defects. He was quick-tempered. He Quarreled with
Washington near the end of the war and rejected the advances the Washington
made to heal the breach. His arrogance of spin brought him into
unnecessarily conflicts - with Jefferson, with the Washington
administration, and with Aaron Burr, ending in his own death in a duel.
Vocabulary
Antilles - Антильские острова possess - владеть
attractiveness - привлекательность animate - оживлять
sever - суровый thoughtful
- задумчивый
executive - исполнительный arrogance -
высокомерие
hot-tempered - вспыльчивый, горячий
attract the attention — привлечь внимание
Travaling
The uniqueness of the British as a people has long been taken granted by
foreign observers and native commentators alike. Visitors from overseas,;
fromVenetian ambassadors in the late fifteenth century, through
intellectuals like Voltaire, to American journalists of the twentieth
century, have all been convinced of the special quality of British society.
This has been equally asumed by modern native chroniclers of the British
scene. But the nature or essence of the Britishness of the British is far
easier to proclaim than to explain. Some English characteristics upon which
both natives and visitors have tended to agree have to do with national
psychology: egoism, self-confidence, intolerance of outsiders, deep
suspieiousness towards their compatriots, ostentatious wealth,
independence, social mobility, love of comfort and a strong belief in
private property. Moderation, the avoidance of extremes, the choice of a
middle way, are among the essential qualities of Englishness. The two
features of English life which from the 15th century onwards struck almost
every observer were the country's wealth and its strong sense of
individualism.
The features that have shaped the British distinctiveness were determined
by the country's geographical isolation from the European continent, with
the consistent centrality of sea power and a broad social fluidity in which
the early collapse of feudalism helped generate a new industry and
commercial enterprise. The long centuries during which the land was free
from invaders meant that there could be a flowing culture continuity from
the time of Chaucer onwards impossible on the war-torn Continent. A
political and legal evolution is expressed in the English Parliament which
has survived in recognisable form till today, without those interruptions
and periods of absolute monarchy that have marked the history of its
neighbours, and the rule of law. There have been other significant features
in the development of England which mark it as a country to some degree
separate from Europe. One of the most important is the language. English is
a language of unparalleled richness, subtlety and variety, which unlocks'
the treasures of a literature second to none in the werid. It is the
easiest language to leam.
As for British history, it is not one of harmonious continuity,
broadening from epoch to epoch. It is a dramatic, colourful, often violent
story of an ancient, society and culture torn apart by the political,
economic, and intellectual turmoil of human experience. Britain in many
ways has been the cockpit of mankind.
Vocabulary
Ambassador – посол assume – допускать
Proclaim – провозглашать psychology – психология
Self – confidence – самоуверенность intolerance – нетерпимость
