BRITISH MONARCHY AND ITS INFLUENCE UPON GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS
The Institute of Ecology, Linguistics and Low
Degree work
«BRITISH MONARCHY
AND ITS INFLUENCE
UPON GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS»
Dunaeva Nina
Moscow, 2003
Contents
Part One
INTRODUCTION
The United kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland 4
Direct meaning of the word «monarchy» 6
The British constitutional monarchy 7
Part Two
HISTORY OF THE MONARCHY
Kings and Queens of England 9
The Anglo-Saxon Kings 9
The Normans 23
The Angevins 30
The Plantagenets 33
The Lancastrians 42
The Yorkists 46
The Tudors 48
The Stuarts 58
The Commonwealth Interregnum 63
The Hanoverians 75
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 85
The House of Windsor 87
Part Three
THE MONARCHY TODAY
The Queen’s role 91
Queen’s role in the modern State 91
Queen and Commonwealth 91
Royal visits 92
The Queen’s working day 92
Ceremonies and pageantry 92
The Queen’s ceremonial duties 93
Royal pageantry and traditions 93
Royal succession 93
The Royal Household 93
Royal Household departments 94
Recruitment 94
Anniversaries 95
Royal finances 95
Head of State expenditure 2000-01 95
Sources of funding 96
Financial arrangements of The Prince of Wales 96
Finances of the other members of the Royal Family 96
Taxation 97
Royal assets 97
Symbols 98
National anthem 98
Royal Warrants 99
Bank notes and coinage 100
Stamps 102
Coats of Arms 103
Great Seal 104
Flags 105
Crowns and jewels 105
Transport 105
Cars 106
Carriages 107
The Royal Train 108
Royal air travel 109
Part Four
THE ROYAL FAMILY
Members of the Royal Family 111
HM The Queen 111
HRH The Duke of Edinburgh 111
HRH The Prince of Wales and family 112
HRH The Duke of York 112
TRH The Earl and Countess of Wessex 112
HRH Princess Royal 112
HRH Princess Alice 113
TRH The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester 113
TRH The Duke and Duchess of Kent 113
TRH Prince and Princess Michael of Kent 114
HRH Princess Alexandra 114
Memorial Plaque
HM Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother 115
HRH The Princess Margaret 115
Diana, Princess of Wales 115
Part Five
ART AND RESIDENCES
The Royal Collection 116
About the Royal Collection 116
The Royal Collection Trust 117
Royal Collection Enterprises 117
Publishing 118
Royal Residences 118
Royal Collection Galleries 118
Loans 119
The Royal Residences 119
About the Royal Residences 119
Buckingham Palace 120
The Queen’s Gallery, Buckingham Palace 120
The Royal Mews 121
Windsor Castle 121
Frogmore 122
The Palace of Holyroodhouse 122
Balmoral Castle 123
Sandringham House 123
St James’s Palace 124
Kensington Palace 124
Historic residences 124
Bibliography 126
UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
[pic]
Sovereign: Queen Elizabeth II (1952)
Government: The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and
parliamentary democracy, with a queen and a Parliament that has two houses:
the House of Lords, with 574 life peers, 92 hereditary peers, 26 bishops,
and the House of Commons, which has 651 popularly elected members. Supreme
legislative power is vested in Parliament, which sits for five years unless
sooner dissolved. The House of Lords was stripped of most of its power in
1911, and now its main function is to revise legislation. In Nov. 1999
hundreds of hereditary peers were expelled in an effort to make the body
more democratic. The executive power of the Crown is exercised by the
cabinet, headed by the prime minister.
Prime Minister: Tony Blair (1997)
Area: 94,525 sq mi (244,820 sq km)
Population (2003 est.): 60,094,648 (growth rate: 0.1%); birth rate:
11.0/1000; infant mortality rate: 5.3/1000; density per sq mi: 636
Capital and largest city (2000 est.): London, 11,800,000 (metro. area)
Other large cities: Birmingham, 1,009,100; Leeds, 721,800; Glasgow,
681,470; Liverpool, 479,000; Bradford, 477,500; Edinburgh, 441,620;
Manchester, 434,600; Bristol, 396,600
Monetary unit: Pound sterling (Ј)
Languages: English, Welsh, Scots Gaelic
Ethnicity/race: English 81.5%; Scottish 9.6%; Irish 2.4%; Welsh 1.9%;
Ulster 1.8%; West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%
Religions: Church of England (established church), Church of Wales
(disestablished), Church of Scotland (established church—Presbyterian),
Church of Ireland (disestablished), Roman Catholic, Methodist,
Congregational, Baptist, Jewish
Literacy rate: 99% (1978)
Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2000 est.): $1.36 trillion; per capita $22,800.
Real growth rate: 3%. Inflation: 2.4%. Unemployment: 5.5%. Arable land:
25%. Agriculture: cereals, oilseed, potatoes, vegetables; cattle, sheep,
poultry; fish. Labor force: 29.2 million (1999); agriculture 1%, industry
19%, services 80% (1996 est.). Industries: machine tools, electric power
equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding,
aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and communications
equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products,
food processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer goods. Natural
resources: coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt,
clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica, arable land. Exports: $282 billion
(f.o.b., 2000): manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals; food, beverages,
tobacco. Imports: $324 billion (f.o.b., 2000): manufactured goods,
machinery, fuels; foodstuffs. Major trading partners: EU, U.S., Japan.
Communications: Telephones: main lines in use: 34.878 million (1997);
mobile cellular: 13 million (yearend 1998). Radio broadcast stations: AM
219, FM 431, shortwave 3 (1998). Radios: 84.5 million (1997). Television
broadcast stations: 228 (plus 3,523 repeaters) (1995). Televisions: 30.5
million (1997). Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 245 (2000). Internet
users: 19.47 million (2000).
Transportation: Railways: total: 16,878 km (1996). Highways: total: 371,603
km; paved: 371,603 km (including 3,303 km of expressways); unpaved: 0 km
(1998 est.). Waterways: 3,200 km. Ports and harbors: Aberdeen, Belfast,
Bristol, Cardiff, Dover, Falmouth, Felixstowe, Glasgow, Grangemouth, Hull,
Leith, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Peterhead, Plymouth, Portsmouth,
Scapa Flow, Southampton, Sullom Voe, Tees, Tyne. Airports: 489 (2000 est.).
International disputes: Northern Ireland issue with Ireland (historic peace
agreement signed 10 April 1998); Gibraltar issue with Spain; Argentina
claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South Georgia
and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius and the Seychelles claim Chagos
Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory); Rockall
continental shelf dispute involving Denmark and Iceland; territorial claim
in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and
partially overlaps Chilean claim; disputes with Iceland, Denmark, and
Ireland over the Faroe Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200 NM.
DIRECT MEANING OF THE WORD «MONARCHY»
Monarchy, form of government in which sovereignty is vested in a single
person whose right to rule is generally hereditary and who is empowered to
remain in office for life. The power of this sovereign may vary from the
absolute to that strongly limited by custom or constitution. Monarchy has
existed since the earliest history of humankind and was often established
during periods of external threat or internal crisis because it provided a
more efficient focus of power than aristocracy or democracy, which tended
to diffuse power. Most monarchies appear to have been elective originally,
but dynasties early became customary. In primitive times, divine descent of
the monarch was often claimed. Deification was general in ancient Egypt,
the Middle East, and Asia, and it was also practiced during certain periods
in ancient Greece and Rome. A more moderate belief arose in Christian
Europe in the Middle Ages; it stated that the monarch was the appointed
agent of divine will. This was symbolized by the coronation of the king by
a bishop or the pope, as in the Holy Roman Empire. Although theoretically
at the apex of feudal power, the medieval monarchs were in fact weak and
dependent upon the nobility for much of their power. During the Renaissance
and after, there emerged “new monarchs” who broke the power of the nobility
and centralized the state under their own rigid rule. Notable examples are
Henry VII and Henry VIII of England and Louis XIV of France. The 16th and
17th cent. mark the height of absolute monarchy, which found its
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