the establishment of a strict procedure for and the terms of turning
in, and registration of documents, supply of dependable information on the
actual situation with drugs and their sales and use for both medical and
non-medical purposes, on the individuals perpetrating misuse, supply of
other data essential for making specific decisions;
cooperation with other departments in holding joint selective research
and express-tests to obtain reliable information on the actual levels of
drug abuse, the damage it inflicts, the effects of treatment and other
types of aid to the addicts;
scheduled and unscheduled departmental and/or inter-departmental
inspections of how control over drugs is maintained, and how the rules of
their use and storage are observed;
analysis and broad publicity of the achievements of medical staffs who
have a record of positive results in combating narcotics, as well as
provision of incentives.
The scope of health institutions' duties also embraces revealing and
timely informing the relevant departments and the public at large on
dangerous tendencies in drug abuse, new varieties of stupefying substances,
the techniques of their manufacture and the means of use. The public health
system develops the adequate methods of prevention, treatment, and
counteraction.
Par. 3. Enforcement of Legal Measures of Narcotics Counteraction
The organization of legal enforcement of anti-narcotics measures falls
into three groups:
1) application of legal administrative and criminal legal norms
regulating the prevention and suppression of narcotics; 2) government legal
measures to set and refine law enforcement and other agencies combating
narcotics; 3) international anti-narcotics measures.
Group One includes compulsory treatment of drug addicts and measures
against drug-related crimes. Compulsory treatment of drug addicts is a law-
enforcement measure aimed at cutting down the non-medical use of narcotic
substances. It can be administered by the court to an addict who evades
voluntary treatment or who continues misusing drugs after a course of
treatment. If an addict commits a crime, the court metes out punishment in
combination with compulsory treatment.
Compulsory treatment of Drug Addicts:
Compulsory treatment is prescribed to all categories of abusers at medical
institutions with a specialized treatment procedure in the course of work
therapy. If criminal punishment is imposed, the treatment is executed at
the penitentiary during the term of imprisonment.
Placement of drug addicts to mandatory treatment centers is in the
domain of responsibilities of police departments. This activity goes hand
in hand with the following organizational measures:
identification of individuals perpetrating drugs abuse;
administering a medical examination, and a compulsory visit to a
medical institution in case of a refusal to undergo the procedure
voluntarily;
compulsory hospitalization for complete check-up upon conclusion of a
narcologist (psychiatrist specializing in addictive conditions -
translator's note). Notification is given to the prosecutor's office and,
if an underage addict is hospitalized, to his or her parents.
timely and renewable registration of drug addicts at the drug-patient
monitoring clinics, and prophylactic registration of the individuals whose
misuse of drugs has not yet acquired the form of an illness;
supervision over the daily way of life of the registered patients and
checking their attempts to skip compulsory treatment, imposition of other
measures of educational, medical and legal influence;
issuance of documents for placing the addicts who avoid mandatory
treatment to rehabilitation and work-therapy clinics and specialized drug-
abuse Medicare centers; filing documents on treatment of evaders with the
courts;
escorting of addicts to the places of mandatory treatment, registration
of individuals who were formerly sentenced for drug-related crimes or fell
under administrative liability for misuse of drugs;
individual prophylactic measures against addicts to whom corrective
labor has been meted out without a term of imprisonment, or whose sentences
have been suspended or deferred;
treatment of drug addicts at corrective labor institutions
simultaneously with serving a term, supervision over inmates' treatment and
behavior.
Organizational Law Enforcement Measures against Drug-related Crimes:
Other organizational law enforcement measures against narcotics-related
crimes are: locating the illegal plantations of narcotic-bearing crops and
identifying their growers, eradicating such plantations, securing
prohibitions to grow narcotic substance containing crops, making special
maps upon the inspections of gardens, private plots of land and wastelands,
cooperating with agriculture experts, army units and other departments
concerned, carrying out special task operations and disseminating
information on drugs.
It is of paramount importance to reorganize the system of guarding
government-controlled plantations of hemp and the like crops or create such
a system in the places where it is absent. This measure is closely linked
to the development of advanced methods of crop guarding, especially, in
harvesting seasons. Work by shifts and material incentives may prove
effective. Good results can also be obtained through the improvement of
technical and chemical means of protection.
To limit the access of the public at large to the areas of government-
sponsored drug- bearing crop plantations, it would stand to reason to
establish special passport and traffic control in such areas.
Organization of Measures to Suppress Drug-dealing:
The measures to suppress drug dealing are the most important issue at
present. Manufacture and trade in narcotics has become a branch of the
shadow economy. It is gaining momentum, creating production facilities and
channels of distribution. In a large number of cases the understaffed law
enforcement departments are unable to rebuff the onslaught of drug
manufacturers and offer sound alternatives to all aspects of drug abuse.
The illegal production of drugs that spill over the state borders and
continents is at the top of the world community's agenda. Particular
significance is attached to the clandestine drug laboratories.
In the wake of it, it is exigent to set up specialized police
departments, which will concentrate the officers of high professional
expertise, and to provide them with the necessary material and technical
support.
Foreign experts believe tangible results in eradicating clandestine
laboratories can be achieved if police operations to uncover the channels
by which the raw materials arrive and the end product is dispatched are
synchronized with the efforts to block access to chemical substances and
equipment the manufacture of drugs requires. This, however, is not easy as
some drug synthesis components such as acetic anhydride, ether, benzene,
acetone are extensively used in the industrial sector. Their industrial
consumption is not controlled in practical terms since, in most countries,
legislation does not regulate the production, storage and use of these
chemicals.
Experts in Germany propose in this connection that the laws against
drugs should extend to cover these chemicals too. But the output and
industrial use of the above substances is so massive that the attempts to
take them under control within the boundaries of a single country have
yielded no results while entailing substantial expenditure on organizing
the control service.
Another measure suggested is marking the packing of chemical substances
with special marks that would help the police identify the country of
origin and the manufacturer. Such a step, however, is unproductive as in
most cases the police does not get a hold of packing of the chemicals which
had already been used.
Experts consider as more promising the special laboratory tests of the
confiscated narcotic substances and chemicals used in the manufacture of
drugs. The tests can be more helpful in identifying the country of origin,
elucidating specific features of the technological process and other
fundamental properties of the chemicals.
For instance, specialists of the German institute of criminology have
designed on the basis of the American and Swedish experience methods of
identifying the places of origin of heroin through chromatographic testing.
Experts believe the most effective way to control the proliferation of
the substances used in drug manufacturing could be the marking of such
substances with dyes or radiation. The weak point of the method is a
possible impact the marking may have on the qualities of the chemicals and
the end products. Besides, it would contradict the legislation of many
countries and some international agreements. That is why the researchers of
anti-narcotic methods tend to pin hopes on the method of a different nature
- self-control. It encompasses a set of police-proposed measures that are
effectuated by the services directly involved in actions against illegal
manufacturing, trafficking and trade in drugs, as well as by all companies
and individuals who have a connection with the manufacturing, sales and use
of narcotics and auxiliary chemicals. According to this concept, the
producers, suppliers and consumers of chemicals report to the police all
suspicious purchases. The police, in its turn, work out detailed
recommendation and criteria for such cases. Examples of these criteria are
above-the- statistic-average size of a purchased batch of chemicals, a
request from a new client, etc. Such kind of reporting gives the police
more opportunities to locate illegal laboratories, channels of raw
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