narcotics, particularly, in places of employment, eliminating the addicts'
pads, illegal labs where narcotics are made and stores which sell them;
promoting social rehabilitation of drug addicts and encouraging education
campaigns against drugs.
The control component of measures envisages supervision over the
following areas: the growing of drug-bearing plants, to rule out a
"leakage" of the legitimately grown plants: illegal sowing and raising;
production of narcotics, their acquisition, storage, stocking and
dispensing; commercial trade turnover in special equipment used for
producing drugs, as well as in raw materials; semi-finished products,
chemicals and narcotic analogies; international parcel post deliveries as a
vehicle for sending narcotics; ships sailing on the high seas and planes
flying in international space; transit through customs' ports; approaches
to land, sea and air borders; and deliveries of drugs for treatments at
hospitals.
The most important law-making measure is that of bringing national
legislation in line with international conventions on narco-business.
The common criminal measures are those applied in every country, as
criminal responsibility for illegal drug trafficking, sowing and raising
drug-bearing plants as well as for other socially dangerous actions related
to drugs. These measures cover both punishments for the above-listed crimes
and also confiscation of tools and of income earned from the illegal drug
trafficking.
Other measures include improving judiciary and legal systems such as
law-enforcement bodies, courts of law, penitentiary and post penitentiary
programs, customs and education.
Forms of Measures to Overcome Drug Abuse:
The classification of measures to overcome drug abuse can be subdivided
into two groups: those having legal form and those that do not, i.e. those
which are regulated and unregulated by the law accordingly.
Measures to Overcome Drug Abuse Regulated by the Law:
The legal measures against drug abuse include compulsory educational;
compulsory medical; preventive- repressive; repressive; those ensuring
active participation of citizens in combating crimes, in preventing and
curbing them; as well as procedural and organizational managerial. The
compulsory medical, preventive repressive and repressive measures are those
aimed at suppressing drug abuse and the compulsory educational-at
preventing it.
Organizational managerial measures on the basis of administrative legal
norms, determine in general terms, the status of curative educational and
curative labor centers providing treatments to drug addicts, and the
competence of law-enforcement agencies and of the court regarding the
compulsory placing of drug addicts for treatment. In addition, there are
also measures, containing the following provisions: to build up, on the
national scale, a network of bodies and institutions whose functions will
amount to combating drug-related crimes; to record the number of addicts
and provide treatments to them; to promote departmental cooperation in the
work of combating narcotics; many organizational managerial measures are
specified by international law, registered in conventions, agreements,
treaties and other documents.
Measures to Overcome Drug Abuse Unregulated by the Law:
The second group of measures to overcome drug abuse are those which are
not regulated by the law. They are informational, analytical,
organizational, educational, scientific, technological, medical and
preventive, as well as other measures that bear no relation to compulsion.
It is the group of legal measures, which can be subdivided into law
branches. Such norms, as suggested above, can be found in the civil,
family, labor, administrative, and criminal codes.
The Level of Measures to Combat Drug Abuse:
Measures to combat drug abuse can be divided into the following four
levels: international, social, special and individual.
Measures at the international level are applied by various countries
throughout the world. They are particularly binding in the countries, which
have joined international treaties by ratifying them. This category of
measures may include any of the previously listed such as informational,
analytical, research, technical, medical, economical, financial,
preventive, control, and law-making.
Social measures are those used on a national scale and meant to
influence society as a whole. They include preventive, law-making, criminal
and other legal measures, as well as the ones embracing the entire society
such as informational, analytical, organizational, managerial, medical,
economical, and others.
Special measures aim to overcome drug abuse and influence, on the one
hand, certain kinds of harmful activities linked to drugs, and on the
other, restrain persons inclined to carry out such activities or drug
addicts. Measures aimed against certain kinds of activities include, for
example, actions to destroy illegally sown crops or wild drug-bearing
plants, may include measures in regard to specific individuals, attempts to
cure drug addicts; to reveal and record the names of people inclined to
commit drug-related crimes, or persons already convicted for such crimes;
to prevent such people from committing more crimes; and to help persons
from high risk groups avoid situations which may induce drug use.
Measures in regard to individuals cover steps taken in relation to
those persons who use drugs or those who have committed or tend to commit
crimes or other law-breaking acts involving drugs. They include steps
providing drug addicts with an opportunity to undergo treatment or making
them, if necessary, to undergo treatment, instituting criminal proceedings
or using administrative measures against persons who have committed crimes,
as well as preventing or warding off potentially socially dangerous actions
involving drugs, etc. Medical, preventive, administrative, legal, criminal,
criminal procedural and criminal executive measures can also be seen as
measures in regard to individuals.
The Subjects of Measures to Overcome Drug Abuse:
The measures to overcome drug abuse can be grouped by institutions
implementing them. There are international agencies and organizations,
medical institutions, law-making bodies, law-enforcement agencies,
executive government branches, specially created agencies, groups and other
organizations.
The Commission on Narcotics of the UN Economic and Social Council and
the UN International Committee on Drug Control are permanently functioning
international agencies. Various conferences and symposia on actions against
drug abuse discussed and worked out conventions, programs, decisions,
projects, and recommendations. These can be referred to as temporarily
operating organizations. Conferences of member-states, i.e. of their
official representatives, have the right to approve conventions and other
normative documents subsequently ranked as international law acts. After
their ratification, legal norms contained in them become part of national
legislation. International bodies exercise all the above-listed measures to
combat drug abuse, except for criminal measures and a few others.
Medical institutions have the authority to carry out curative and
curative preventive measures.
By their nature, the measures to overcome drug addiction can be divided
into suppressive and preventive.
This classification makes it possible to determine the importance of
each particular group. It can also serve as the basis for building a system
of measures to be used for the preparation and subsequent development of
the national program of action to combat drug addiction.
Measures to Overcome Drug Abuse:
By evaluating the measures to overcome drug abuse from the study of the
experience, it is possible to single out the following groups of measures:
1) control preventive; 2) research, training and educational; 3) medical;
4) legal; 5) economic and financial, and 6) organizational.
The control and preventive; research, training and educational;
economic and financial measures are grouped together because they are
closely intertwined. Legal measures in this national program should include
law enforcement and law-making measures and organizational measures-
informational, analytical, and technical measures.
Without referring to the contents once again it would be important,
from the standpoint of their expression and place in this program, to draw
attention to some points concerning certain groups of the proposed
measures.
A method should be defined in this anti-drug program of applying
control measures. It would need to be a legislative regulation of drug
movements from the sowing of drug-bearing plants and their cultivation, to
the consumption of drugs. Presently, conflicting rules regulating the
production, acquisition, storage, stock taking, dispensing, transportation
and the sending of narcotics by parcel post are in force. These rules were
enacted by executive branch agencies rather than by lawmakers. For example,
the rules concerning the production, storage, stock-taking, and dispensing
of drugs were established by the orders issued by the Ministry of Health,
and the Ministry of the Medical and Micro- biological Industry of the
former USSR. Transportation rules can be found in orders issued by the
Ministry of the Medical Industry and coordinated with the Ministry of
Internal Affairs of the former USSR. Rules for sending and shipping drugs
by rail or any other kind of transport were determined by normative acts of
various agencies. On the other hand, even if this is the prerogative of law-
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