materials supplies and dispatch of the end product.
An imperative condition for putting in effect practical anti-narcotics
measures is stringent control over the narcotic raw materials and their
storage and limitations on trade in them.
It is important to note those drug-dealing affects the legitimate
turnover of narcotic substances. Violations of the rules of their storage,
manufacturing, and accounting continue increasing. There are
misappropriations and other offenses, including attacks on warehouses of
narcotic preparations in health centers, drug stores, etc. Executives do
not take adequate measures to safeguard narcotic substances and sometime
become accomplices in crimes. A possible explanation for this state of
affairs is the breach of the rules outlined above.
It is important to reveal violations of the effective rules of
manufacturing, storage, accounting, and sales of narcotic preparations,
invoking criminal liability when necessary. This necessitates joint steps
by the anti-drug units, licensing system of the internal affairs ministry,
fire detachments and units of extra-departmental guards.
The perpetrators of drug-related crimes' utmost secrecy calls for the
improvement in the procedures of investigation in strict compliance with
the criminal law procedures.
Crime Investigation Organizational Measures:
An important element in this process is the interaction between
detectives and investigators. The best and well-tested form of this
interaction is the setting-up of temporary or, as need be, permanently
functioning inquiry/investigation groups. These groups focus the efforts of
all branches of the police on drug-related crimes. The main directions of
activities (with due regard to the limits of professional competence of
each member of the group) are:
a) gathering and systematic analysis of all the incoming and requested
information on drug-related crimes and malefactors;
b) identification of criminal groupings and measures toward halting
their activities;
c) police actions to prevent and halt misappropriations of drugs and
other offenses in medicare institutions and other organizations;
d) police actions taken simultaneously with the investigation as
envisaged by the criminal law court procedure;
e) quality emergency investigation, completeness, objectivity and
timeliness of inquiry and investigation;
f) tactical planning and expedient conduct of search and technical
operations; professional conduct of operations; employment of investigation
and other technologies to supply the investigators with testimonies and eye-
witness accounts of the offenders' guilt;
g) professional analysis of the ways of using the results of search and
technical operations in investigation procedures.
Par. 4. Other Organizational Measures to Combat Narcotics
Narcotics can be overcome only if approaches to anti-narcotics activity
are fundamentally revised, its concrete trends are mapped out and the
control over the end results achieved by each ministry and department,
responsible for curbing this social evil.
Up-to-date scales and forms of narcotics proliferation show that the
measures, applied within the framework of established structures, are not
particularly successful. There is no proper interaction between the
ministries and the departments, called upon to handle these matters; work
is carried out far too often formally without essential drive, consistence,
and organization; the system of preventive, therapeutic, and rehabilitative
help remains inadequate; and anti-narcotic campaign is ineffective.
For this reason, organizational medical and law enforcement steps can
and must be backed by measures to resist drug abuse in all spheres and at
all levels of state power to avoid their imbalance and flaws in the all-out
anti-narcotics crusade.
The practical experience of daily anti-narcotics activity calls for a
significant impact from the top government agencies.
It is at this level that measures should be adopted for creating and
implementing a single national strategy against narcotics. For this end, a
single permanent executive body, empowered to control narcotics and capable
of coordinating comprehensive actions daily against drug addiction and drug-
related crimes must be created. The formation of such a body, representing
all the ministries and departments concerned, will make it possible to
organize a prompt and permanent government action against narcotics,
coordinate efforts of government agencies, and other organizations, as well
as individuals, and maintain contact with international organizations.
Lawmaking measures:
It is important to revitalize government-sponsored efforts toward
hammering out a single anti-narcotics legislation, matching international
standards, including 1) a law on the `control over the legal distribution
of narcotics, strong substances, precursors, and 2) on the responsibility
for such offences as: drugs extortion; illegal actions with government-
owned chemicals and special equipment and their use to make drugs; 3)
organizational forms of perpetrating drug-related crimes; 4) various
commercial and financial operations on money laundering.
Due to the latter, it is necessary to give law enforcement agencies
more authority to get from banks and other institutions and organizations
necessary data on accounts and other financial transactions of persons,
suspected of unlawful actions with narcotics.
Besides, it appears reasonable to amend the current legislation by
expanding authority and creating appropriate conditions for law-enforcement
agencies (police) to a) conduct searches of luggage, including carry-on
luggage, of passengers at all kinds of transport facilities, b) check
controlled shipments and cargoes, c) check state purchases of drugs, d)
conduct medical examinations of citizens, e) set a more flexible procedure
of placing drug addicts for medical treatment, f) a more flexible system of
administrative detaining and arresting of citizens, and g) to practice more
extensively the protocol form of pre-trial materials preparation.
Organizational Measures at Government Level:
It would be expedient to carry out a number of organizational anti-
narcotics measures at government level. They include:
- creating a stable system of information for regional law-enforcement
agencies about treaties, agreements, and protocols, concluded and signed by
countries, governments, and departments, about procedures and requirements
of signing such documents, about Interpol National Central Bank's
opportunities to combat specific types of crimes, and about requests'
formulation requirements;
- putting the NCB on round-the-clock duty to meet local requests;
- speeding up the creation of effective border customs control and
adopting measures against the use of a country as a transit point to ship
drugs to other regions;
- toughening control over the production and supplies of drug-bearing
substances in chemical pharmacology and other areas, where they are used
for lawful purposes.
A positive solution should be found to the issue of opening more
medical centers, improving anti-drug addiction therapy, and manufacturing
and acquiring more effective medicines, which involves much government
spending and a search for sources of funding. Simultaneously, special
government-financed short and long term comprehensive medical programs
should be worked out and put into effect to block the consumption and sale
of drugs; really re-socialize drug addicts; stop AIDS from spreading; spare
no effort toward revitalizing non-governmental organizations' activity,
aimed at reducing the demand for narcotics.
Measures to Train Personnel:
One should bear in mind that in most cases, the first contact with drug
addicts, that is with seriously ill people, is made by the officers of law
enforcement (police) agencies who have neither practical nor psychological
skills of dealing with ill persons. But even a physician is required
alongside professional knowledge, to display ethical norms, which quite
often are crucial for the recovery of mentally imbalanced patients. For
this reason, it is especially urgent and important to draw up teaching
aides and methodological recommendations for law- enforcement agencies, not
only on the tactics but also on the ethics of dealing with drug addicts,
especially young ones. It is necessary to put the experience, gained by the
police in anti-drug addiction prophylactic actions, into practice as soon
as possible.
Polish scientists identify three groups of young drug addicts: 1) those
who can but do not want to stop using drugs; 2) those who would like to
give up drugs but cannot do so on their own; 3) and those who do not want
and can not drop the ruinous dependence.
The principles of treating representatives of each of these groups
differ considerably. The experience of drug addicts' treatment shows that
two opposite trends dominate in the systems accepted up to date. The first
prefers tolerance, partnership, and medical treatment, excluding coercion
and punishment. The second envisages tough regimentation toward drug
addicts. However, there is one requirement that is common for both systems
- indispensable compliance with the principle of voluntary consent.
There are several varieties of pedagogics as industrial, military,
agricultural, and medical. The latter, also called orthopedagogics, deals
with upbringing children with defects. In the field of criminological
prophylaxis, essential is the role of resocialization, i.e. of the
educational effect on persons, poorly adapted to life in society. According
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