реакцию.
Таким образом диалог можно представить как совокупность двух и более
диалогических единств.
Учитель дает разнообразные реплики-стимулы и получает в ответ
разнообразные реплики-реакции в зависимости от языковых средств которыми
располагают дети, от возраста самих детей, от их индивидуальных
способностей.
Если единицей обучения является краткий диалог-образец то работа с ним
происходит в три ступени:
1. Восприятие и понимание
2. Воспроизведение (простое и с модификацией)
3. Использование его в новых ситуациях
Об обучающих возможностях игр известно давно.
Игра – особо организованное занятие, требующее напряжения эмоциональных
и умственных сил. Игра всегда предполагает принятие решений – как
поступить, что сказать, как выиграть? Желание решить эти вопросы обостряет
мыслительную деятельность учащихся. Здесь да же слабый по языковой
подготовке ученик может стать первым в игре, т. к. находчивость и
сообразительность здесь оказываются порой более важными чем знание
предмета. Чувство равенства, атмосфера увлеченности, ощущения посильности
задания – все это дает возможность ребятам преодолеть стеснительность,
незаметно усваивается языковой материал
С методической точки зрения игры способствуют выполнению трех важных
задач:
- созданию психологической готовности детей к речевому общению
- обеспечению естественной необходимости многократного повторения ими
языкового материала.
- Тренировка учащихся в выборе нужного языкового варианта, что является
подготовкой к ситуативной спонтанности речи.
Система коммуникативных упражнений представляет собой три вида
упражнений:
- вопросно-ответные
- репликовые
- условную беседу
Вопросно-ответные вид упражнений считается одним из самых популярных в
методике обучения устной иноязычной речи. Их коммуникативная цель — запрос
информации. Вопросы всегда направлены на собеседника, побуждают к речевой
реакции.
Репликовые упражнения подразделяются на:
А) утверждение-вопрос
- It takes me an hour to get to the lenir
- Do you live so for
Б) утверждение-утверждение
- Sometimes its very hot in summer
- Yes, it’s really very hot
В) утверждение-отрицание
- The Volga is the longest river in the Russia
- That isn’t correct
Репликовые упражнения не могут сформировать у учащихся умение вести
беседу, участвовать в диалоге. Но они являются необходимым подспорьем в
расширении лексической стороны обучения.
Условная беседа является аналогом свободной беседы – реального
устноязычного общения.
Характерными особенностями свободной беседы являются:
1) запрос информации
2) информирование кого-либо о чем-либо.
Приложение
ИЛЛЮСТРАТИВНЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛ ДЛЯ ПРАКТИЧЕСКОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ
А. ВОПРОСО-ОТВЕТНЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ (ПО ТЕМАМ)
Answer these questions. Give additional commentary to your answers
wherever necessary.
Town
Do you know the town you live in very well? What number bus do you take
when you go to the Zoo (Public Library, Central Stadium, etc.)? What kind
of public transport do you like best? What is the usual interval between
trains of the underground? From what time in the morning till what time at
night do trams and buses run? Are the traffic rules in Britain different
from those in other European countries? What are the traffic lights used
for? What is the main street in your town? What are the most common
expressions we use when asking our way? How long does it take you to get to
the Stadium (Palace of Sports, Planetarium, Zoo, etc.)? Are there any
conductors on buses and trams in Moscow (Kiev, etc.)? What are the Soviet
cities with a population of over a million?
Time, Working Day
What time is it now? When do you get up? What do you do when you get up?
When do you have your breakfast? How long does it take you to get to
school? When do classes at school begin? How long does one lesson last?
What do you do during the big (long) interval? When are classes over? What
do you usually do after classes? When do you have your dinner? What do you
do in the evening? When do you go to bed? What do you do on Sundays?
Meals
How many meals a day do you have? What do you call them? What time do
you usually have lunch? Who cooks the meals in your family? What meal
(dish) can you cook? What is your favourite dish? Why do you like it? Do
you eat at school? What British customs in taking meals do you know? Do you
keep to any kind of a diet? What kind of diet? Which course of the dinner
do you like best, the first or the second?
Travelling
Which is the most convenient way of travelling? What is the first thing
we do before starting on a trip? How often do you travel by railway (air,
sea)? Do you like to travel? Where do we go to book tickets for a train
(plane)? Can we boek them by telephone? Can we enjoy hot meals while on a
train (ship, plane)? Do we book tickets for little children going with us?
Why do you think a suitcase is not convenient when we go hiking? What do we
take instead? Does your school arrange hiking tours in summer? What cities,
towns and other places have you visited? What is the fare of a railway
passage from Moscow to St. Petersburg (Sochi, etc.)?
Б. РЕПЛИКОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ (ПО ТЕМАМ)
1.Object to the statements given below. Correct them.
Town
The bus is the most modern kind of city transport. Trams are usually
empty during the rush-hours. The main street of a town is usually found in
its outskirts. There is an underground railway in every British town. The
Thames divides London into two parts. The first words we use to ask about
the way are, "Thank you. What's the time now?" Getting about the town in
which you are for the first time is a simple thing.
Travelling
Tickets for planes are booked only at airports. Moscow has only one big
airport. No meals are usually served on longdistance flights. Airports are
usually near the centres of towns. Passengers are not allowed to smoke on
the train when it leaves the station.
Meals
Sandwich is a hot meal which we eat at dinner for the first course. We
have lunch in the evening before going to bed. Englishmen usually do not
have porridge in the morning. Doctors usually recommend people to have
heavy supper. If you want to reduce your weight (to become slim) you must
eat a lot of bread. Tarts and cakes and fruit are usually served at the
beginning of a meal.Pupils like chewing-gums, lolly-pops, chocolate
2. Express your surprise by asking a question.
Library, Reading Books
There are about two thousand books in my personal library.
1 have read the whole collection of works by Saitvkov-Shched-rin. I have
seen a book which is as small as a rubber. I can read Japanese books. I can
read a book of 500 pages within four hours. My father usually subscribes to
15 newspapers and magazines. I have never read" a single detective story.
Family
I have two sisters and four brothers. My brother has become a cosmonaut.
My cousin Vasya who is fourteen has entered the university this year. When
my elder brother Pete was four years old, he played the piano very well. My
great grandfather is ninety-two years old.
3. Agree with these statements. Say something additional.
Weather, Climate
It is very cold today. The weather today is better than it was last
night. The climate of Britain is mild. Winters are very frosty in our parts
(region, locality). The Black Sea is usually free of ice in winter. Winters
are very long in Norilsk. When it is raining we must wear raincoats. I like
spring best of all. The climate of Siberia is more continental than that of
the Ukraine.
Pastimes and Hobbies
Children are fond of computer games. Collecting books is a very useful
hobby. There is a new hobby-group starting at our school — photography.
There are six hobby-groups at our school headed by highly qualified
instructors. Kate Gromova has a rather big collection of old coins. Riding
a bicycle is my hobby. I usually spend evenings watching television. Our
class went on a hiking trip last summer. Klim made a radio-set himself last
week.
В. УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ТИПА УСЛОВНАЯ БЕСЕДА (ЭКСПОЗИЦИИ ПО ТЕМАМ)
Let's talk a little. On hearing a statement each of you should say
something. Follow the scheme of typical responses (exclamation, question,
statement, request, suggestion, etc.).
Model: I am inviting you to my birthday party.
Exclamation: — Fine! Wonderful! Splendid! A good idea! How nice!
Question: — When will it be? Will it be at your place?
— How old will you be?
Statement: — I'm afraid, Pete (Jane, etc.}, I shan't be able to come
as I'll be away on that day (Friday, Sunday, etc.}.
Suggestion: — Let's celebrate (mark) your birthday on ..., then
everybody will be able to come.
Request: — Will you please tell me where you live? Please give me
your telephone number. Please tell what number bus will take me to your
street.
School Life
1. The pupils of our class have decided to set up the museum at our
school.
2. Soon we shall have our own school video studio.
3. Next week our class will give a concert.
4. Alee S., a pupil of our school, will star in. a film about partisans,
which is to be shot soon.
5. It takes me an hour to do my homework.
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