on the first place one should reconstruct the specific features of an
original and the creation of functional conformities to the features of the
original play the subordinate role.
The objects of special translations are materials that belong to
different fields of human activities, science and technology. The
distinctive feature of this type of translation is an exact expression of
the sense of translating material, which is attained through wide usage of
special terms.
Thus, in order to render an exact and clear meaning while translating
such materials alongside with the selection of term equivalents, on the
first place one has to create functional conformities to the features of an
original, and the creation of specific features of the original play the
subordinate role.
And finally, the objects of social-politic translations are the
materials of propaganda and agitation character, and therefore a bright
emotional sense abundant with special terms.
Concerning the achievement of adequacy this type of translation
possesses the features of literary and special types of translation as
well.
§ II. Translation of Political literature and terms.
Political literature like any other scientific kind of literature have
languages items characteristic to them, that requires the translator to be
precise and sharp. Most books on general politics are characterized by the
passion of expression, polemic style and the specific feature is in
blending the elements of scientific speech from one side with different
emotionally colored means of expression from another side.
The translation of political literature can be considered in two ways:
as a field of linguistic activity and as a separate field in science.
As a field of linguistic activity translation of political literature
represents one of the types of special translations possessing as objects
of its activity different materials of political character.
The political translation comes out into a special field of study due
to its specific features of written and verbal speech on political topics,
which is specified by its essential character and the knowledge of this
science. Sometimes these features are so diverse that in order to
understand them (Russian and English politics as well) one should have a
special knowledge without which it would be very hard to clearly perceive
the inner sense on politics or a translated piece.
Therefore, the study of specific features of written and verbal speech
acquires great importance to translators (interpreters). To the features
mention above belong the following:
1. maximal filling the political literature with special political
terms, and in verbal speech (among the politicians) – filling it
with words of political jargon – slang.
2. presence of special idiomatic expressions and phraseological
units in verbal and written speech that are rarely used in
colloquial speech and general literature.
As an example, I should bring the following idioms: blitzkrieg –
молниеносная война, Comprehensive Program of Disarmament - Всеобъемлющая
программа разоружения, principal powers – крупные державы, status quo –
статус кво and many others. We have to mark - if the quantity of political
idioms is limited, then the amount of “politically” related phraseological
idioms is vast in English and Russian languages.
3. the presence of some stylistic deflection from general literary
norms is sometimes very great.
a) wide usage of elliptic constructions, especially in
periodically publishing materials, propaganda and other kinds
of politically important printing media.
b) preciseness and beauty of self-expression which is achieved by
the usage of elliptic constructions along with wide usage of
passive constructions and an often substitution of придаточных
предложений by absolute constructions and деепричастными
оборотами.
c) the presence of official writing style, mostly in documents of
official provisions that cover administrative and political
questions.
d) strictly regulated use of verbal forms and word phrases in
special chapters of political literature and political
documents.
As was told before, while translating a political character, like doing
any other special translation a great importance is given to translation of
special terms.
In our philological literature exist lots of definitions to the concept
of term, but the essence of majority comes to the following:
Term – is a word or a combination of words, which define a notion
(subject, a phenomenon, property, relation or a process) that is
characteristic for the given field of science, technology, art or a sphere
of social life.
Terms differ from the words of general usage by definite semantic
limitations and specific meanings they define. Its very hard to
overestimate the general and scientific meaning of terms since the concrete
knowledge demands definite expression and a term does not only fix the
concept by its notion (name) but specifies it diverging it from adjacent
components.
For better functioning, terms must express systematization of notions,
express their essence or at least be semantically neutral and at the same
time be unambiguous and precise.
The phenomenon of a separate field of science and the terms that fix
them should be systemized that offers gender availability around which
group notions are formed. Thus an English term representative which
presents a group notion and forms a group of notions that belong to this
group: representative forum (представительный форум), business world
representative (представитель делового мира), representative to the talks
(представитель на переговорах), representative to the public (представитель
общественности), representative of political circles (представитель
политических кругов), representative to NATO (представитель НАТО),
representative of various strata or the population (представитель различных
слоёв населения).
The capability of a term to express a systematic state of notions and
easily merge with new phrases that represent new group notions that
consequently appear along with the development of a definite field of
science or knowledge maybe called its systematic capability.
The systematic capability of notions helps us to clarify the relation
of notions, raise their semantic definiteness and ease their understanding
and remembering.
In terms, formed on the base of mother tongue we may differ direct
meaning and terminological meaning.
The direct meaning of a term is formed through the elements of the
language used for their formation; the terminological meaning defines the
concept of notion expressed by the term.
The terms, direct and terminological meaning of which correspond to
each other, correctly orientate and underline the so-called their
interrelation. These terms are able to express the essence of notions.
The terms, whose direct and terminological meaning does not correspond
to each other belong to semantically neutral group of terms.
And at last, the terms whose direct and terminological meaning
contradict each other, should be admitted as completely unsatisfactory
because they distort the genuine relations among the notions, disorientate
the hearer and do not possess any semantic definiteness.
Unambiguousness of a term also influences its clear semantic features
but since we do not have any researches in this field this concept cannot
always be applied. Therefore, up to 10% of English and American political
terms do not possess even a relative semantic definiteness, i.e.
definiteness in some political concerns. This situation may be explained by
the fact that the terms according to their nature are firstly simple words,
and consequently, they develop according to general laws of linguistics.
The result of this is the appearance terminological homonyms that hinder
the normal functioning of political terms in a language.
The definiteness of a term requires preciseness of an expressed idea.
It also raises the semantic definiteness of the term averting its misusage
according to it form.
Not all the terms, of course, possess the above-mentioned qualities,
but the translator/interpreter of political material should take them into
consideration while forming new terms and solving the question of
preference to one of the available term-synonyms.
The correct translation of political literature is a laborious work
despite the terms’ considerable possession of definite semantic clearness
and independence in usage.
While speaking of difficulties of translation, we imply as a matter of
the first importance, the translation general political literature, which
either do not yet have any equivalents in the translating language or have
several similar notion for the term in question or at least have one
equivalent but of doubtful adequacy. There are lots of word phrases and
idiom and terms of this kind and their number is growing with development
of technology and interrelation of people and especially with the
development of Political sciences.
To achieve a correct translation we can recommend to group the
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