political literature and the used in them according to their field of
application and some principles of translation of each group. All the
political terms and idioms existing in politics can be divided into three
groups:
1. terms – defining the notions of a foreign reality but identical
to the reality of the Russian language march - марш
2. terms – defining the notions of a foreign reality absent in the
Russian one but possessing generally accepted term-equivalents
National Guard – Национальная Гвардия, Territorial Army –
Территориальная Армия.
3. terms – defining the notions of a foreign reality that are not
available in the Russian language and not having generally
accepted term-equivalents: alert hanger – ангар вылета по
тревоге.
The adequacy of translation of the first group is achieved by the use
of terms implementing corresponding notions in Russian language.
At the same time, it is very important for the notion expressed by the
notion of another language to correspond in meaning rendered in Russian
language only by its main, essential attributes. The translation of an
English term poll into Russian опросы населения (голосование) is possible
only for the correspondence of their principal meaning though the
organization and methods of polling are quite different in both countries.
An adequate translation of the second group is comprised in the
selection of generally accepted Russian terminological equivalents.
Even terms, not fully meeting the above mentioned requirements due to
the terminological meaning fixed for it through the linguistic activity
will adequately fit into these rules.
An adequate translation of the words of the third group may be achieved
by means of creation of a new terms, which will have to completely merge
into the existing system of political terms underlying the systematization
of available notions, reflect the essence of the notion it expresses or at
least not to contradict it and possess an unambiguousness within its field
of application.
Thus, we have considered all the general principals in achieving and
adequate translation including translation of political literature and the
essential features of translation of political terms.
Chapter II
§ I. Grammatical difficulties of translation
The translation process of political literature from one language into
another is inevitable without necessary grammatical transformations (change
of structure). It gets great importance while making translation to add or
omit some words since the structures of languages are quite different.
Grammatical transformations are characterized by various principles –
grammatical, and lexical as well, though the principal role is given to
grammatical ones. Very often these grammatical changes are mixed so that
they have lexical-grammatical character.
The vigil of the British Embassy, supported last week by many prominent
people and still continuing, the marches last Saturday, the resolutions or
organizations have done something to show that Blair doesn’t speak for
Britain.
Круглосуточная демонстрация у здания британского консульства,
получившая на прошлой недели поддержку многих видных деятелей, всё ещё
продолжается. Эта демонстрация и состоявшиеся в субботу поход, а также
предпринятые различными организациями резолюции, явно свидетельствуют о
том, что Блэр отнюдь не говорит от имени всего английского народа.
While translating this article we have made the following changes.
The sentence was divided into two parts. We often do that when
translating short newspaper articles (news in brief) and the first lines of
the articles of informative character (leads). Practically, we are forced
to do that because the first lines usually contain main information given
in the paragraph. These sentences containing various information are not
characteristic to the style of Russian writing. The division of the
sentence made us repeat the word демонстрация.
The word vigil – бдение acquired here quite another political meaning
круглосуточная демонстрация. Since ночное бодрствование is one of the
semantic components of the word vigil the term круглосуточная демонстрация
fully renders the sense of the given word. Besides, we have to mention that
one of the words was translated like word expression получившая поддержку.
We have also added additional words like у здания (посольства),
состоявшиеся (в субботу походы), а также принятые различными (организациями
резолюции). The word last in the last Saturday was omitted because it would
make the translation more difficult, but we can conceive it by the
contextual meaning of the sentence.
The strengthening function of the phrase have done something to show
was rendered by the adverb явно свидетельствуют.
And the English cliche to speak for was translated by the Russian one
говорить от имени. And at last I should say that I metonymically translated
the word Britain into весь английские народ.
Thus, while translating this sentence we have made use of grammatical
transformations and lexical as well.
As you know, English has an analytical character and therefore the
relation between words is mostly expressed by word-order, that’s by
syntactic means, and morphological means play the secondary role. The
priority of the role of syntactical changes appears in many cases but they
do not always have similar conformities in Russian language which makes the
translator make use of various transformations while translating a piece of
political literature. Here we can point to well-known features of the
location of syntactic items in the English, e.i. the combination of
logically incompatible homogeneous part of the sentence, the essential use
of introductory sentences, the break of logical chain of the sentence, and
especially while expressing the noun and the attribute of the sentences.
The syntactic structure of a language imposes restrictions on the way
messages may be organized in that language. The order in which functional
elements such as subject, predicator, and object may occur is more fixed in
some languages than in others. Languages vary in the extent to which they
rely on word order to signal the relationship between elements in the
clause. Compared to languages such as German, Russian, Finnish, Arabic, and
Eskimo, word order in English is relatively fixed. The meaning of a
sentence in English, and in languages with similarly fixed word order such
as Chinese, often depends entirely on the order in which the elements are
placed. (cf. The man ate the fish and The fish ate the man).
The structural features of English language require structural
completeness of the sentence. One can not omit a word without supplying
another one instead. This criterion is governed by stylistic preference of
the language to prevent word and make the sentence more emphatic. Even if
the repetition is frequent in English its use in most cases is logically
required and stylistically proved to be necessary. Otherwise, repetition is
accepted as unnecessary component of the sentence or one of the stylistic
shortcomings of the translation. The demand of syntactical completeness of
the sentences and others stylistic criteria explain here the wide usage of
structure filling words (слова заместители). The structure filling words
include pronouns (one, ones, this, that, these, those) and verbs (to do, to
be, to have, shall, should, will, would, can, could, might, may, must,
ought, need, dare).
Its quite evident that the structure filling words do not have
denotative meaning, they are absolutely contextual. They should be related
to conforming nouns and the verb form the fill and only afterwards they
acquire lexical completeness. The verb-filling words are usually divided
into two parts: fully filling and partially filling ones. To the first
group belong the verb to do in the Present Indefinite which act in the role
of fully filling word. It can replace the verbs of function. To the second
group belong all other structure filling words. They act like a part of the
whole just like the representative of compound verb form.
While translating the structure filling words we have to use words with
complete meaning (sometimes pronouns) or make use of some other kinds of
functional filling.
The new British Government will face many problems, both acute and
chronic: an acute one will be Northern Ireland, acute among chronic ones
will be inflation and rising prices.
Новое британское правительство столкнётся со многими проблемами как
неотложного, так и затяжного характера. К неотложным проблемам относится
положение в Северной Ирландии, а к проблемам, носящим затяжной характер, -
инфляция и рост цен.
While translating this piece we had to decipher the structure filling
words and render their meaning by means of conforming nouns.
When comparing the grammatical categories and forms of English and
Russian languages we identify the following differences: a) the absence of
the categories in one of the comparing languages, b) partial correspondence
and c) complete correspondence. The necessity of grammatical
transformations arise only on two first cases. When comparing the English
with Russian we should mention that Russian does not have the notions like
article and gerund and absolute nominative constructions as well. Partial
Страницы: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
