Private sector and human-resource development in Georgia

2000

2001

Production by Households, tons

25,942

8,160

21,390

Total Production, tons

60,330

23,999

23,000

Household Share in Total Production, percent

0.43%

0.34%

0.93%

Source: State Department of Statistics, author's estimates



3.3  Trade

 

Georgian Foreign Trade Statistics. In 2002 Georgian foreign trade turnover (registered) totalled US$1045,0 million, that is 104,6 % of previous year's data for the appropriate period. From this export is US$325,0 million (101,5% accordingly) and import -US $720,0 million (106,1%). Negative trade balance of Georgian trade for 2002 stood at US$395,0 million.


The following table shows the trends in Georgia's trade balance:


 

Number of Countries

Foreign Trade Balance - US$ million

Negative trade balance

Year 2001

88

378,8

Year 2002

89

454,2

Positive trade balance

Year 2001

30

20,1

Year 2002

40

59,2

All trade partners

Year 2001

118

358,7

Year 2002

129

395,0


In 2002 Georgia had a negative trade balance with 89 partner countries, with whom the trade gap amounted 454,2 million US Dollars in comparison with the last year when the same figure was indicated by 378,8 million US $ with 88 partner countries. Georgia had a positive trade balance of US $ 59,2 million with 40 countries, and in 2001 with 30 countries (positive balance of US $ 59,2 million).


In 2002 the foreign trade with CIS countries have increased. The 30.6% of the trade gap covers these countries (29.7% for the same period of the last year). The foreign trade with CIS countries amounted US $ 4337.4 million in 2002 (the amount increased by 10.6% in comparison with the same period of the year 2001). CIS countries share 41,9% of Georgia's foreign trade turnover, among them exports share 48,7% and imports 38,8% (accordingly 39.6%; 45.1% and 37.0% - in the year 2001).


Trade turnover with Russia reflected US $ 162.8 million and has declined by 1.2% in comparison with the same period of the year 2001, and Georgian foreign trade turnover with Russia have decreased by 0.9 per cent points from 16.5% to 15.6%.



 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Georgian Foreign Trade: 2001-2002 (in US$ millions)



Georgia's Top Ten Export Destinations in 2002 (in US$ millions)



Major export products in 2002 (in US$ millions)


3.4  Construction


Overview of Georgian Construction Sector. Georgian construction sector mainly consists of civil, industrial, hydro-technical, transport, and communication construction projects.

The construction sector was established long before the formation of the country as a legal state and has passed from primitive buildings to complicated and sophisticated complexes. Throughout various stages of the country’s development, buildings and other construction projects reflect the period in which they were built. For nearly the last two centuries Georgia was part of the Russian empire and the Soviet Union, thus, the development of the construction sector was in accordance with the laws and conditions accepted by Russia and the FSU, i.e. massive construction of industrial facilities. During that period the construction sector employed almost 250,000 people and produced construction materials worth approximately US$1.5 million annually.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Georgian construction sector ceased development, which was mainly caused by the political, social and economic conditions of the country (i.e. a coup, civil war, and armed conflicts in Abkhazia and South Osetia), and also by non-efficient, highly energy consuming technologies and outdated equipment and machinery. As a result, almost one hundred percent of the construction factories and facilities ceased functioning.

During the early ‘90s, when Georgia became independent and positioned itself towards democracy and integration into the world economy, the Georgian construction sector realized that it was totally unprepared to meet the demands and standards of country’s development phase. The main negative aspects characterizing such non-preparedness were: 

1.      Non-efficient and partially destroyed equipment and machinery.

2.      Lack of investment in majority spheres of construction (except private construction).

3.      Weak management of the sector from the government’s side.

4.      Lack of professional managers and specialists with knowledge of international principles.

5.      Great need of specialized trainings for the staff.

6.      Harsh economic condition of scientific, projecting and architecture institutions.

7.      Import of foreign construction materials and workforce.

Among other important factors, considering the importance and crucial character of the construction industry for the country’s economic development, the Georgian government made several positive steps towards rehabilitation of the construction industry to create a favourable investment environment including passing the law on promotion and guarantee of foreign investment activities, and instituting a process of restructuring and privatisation.  A few years ago the government of Georgia launched a process of restructuring and privatisation of large Soviet era construction enterprises. As a result, various non-efficient, illiquid and monster enterprises have changed their organizational structure and been converted into small cost and energy efficient, liquid plants. Derived from the privatisation process the majority of state construction companies have become private joint stock and limited liability companies. In addition, a huge number of uncompleted construction sites have been privatised and completed.


Main Indicators of Development in the Construction Sector. The slight revival and positive trends in the construction sector have been noticed since 1995 – the period when the Georgian national currency the Lari (GEL) was introduced.

The table below indicates the main financial flow in the construction sector during 1995-2002 (first nine months).

 Year

Monetary unit

Investment in main capital

Government investment

Construction and engineering work

Personal funds of population*

Foreign investment

1990

Million Rubles 

2545

2233

1313

93

-

1991

2698

2435

1882

140

-

1992

12368

11521

8636

532

-

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