Конверсионное словообразование прилагательных цветообозначения. Методика преподавния в нач.классах
Contents.
I. Introduction_______________________________2.
II. Theoretical part___________________________4.
III. Practical part_____________________________32.
IV. Conclusion______________________________36.
V. Bibliography_____________________________37.
VI. Appendix I______________________________39.
VII. Appendix II_____________________________40.
VIII. Appendix III____________________________43.
IX. Appendix IV_____________________________46.
X. Appendix V ______________________________48.
XI. Appendix VI_____________________________51.
XII. Appendix VII____________________________53.
I. Introduction.
This diploma paper is the logic continuation of course paper. The choice of
a theme of this paper is caused by the small studying of this question by
way of teaching it in primary school. The word-formation, as one of
branches of lexicon, is a difficult and volumetric question, therefore
requires the careful studying. The basic theme of this paper is the
question on conversion, as the most productive way of a word-formation
however the other kinds of formation of new words: prefix and suffix word-
formation, also are mentioned. The special place is allocated for
productivity of adjectives of a colourmarking. Having the rather large
ability to formation the new words it is interesting the fact, that formed
from them by any of ways of a word, it is more often nouns, formed on
conversion, have a tendency to enter into the structure of various
phraseologies, phraseological word combinations, that speaks about
connection between phraseological and word-formation systems of the
language.
The paper consists of two basic parts: theoretical and practical ones,
which examine one problems, but from the different corners of sight. The
theoretical part includes some subitems. At first it is necessary to tell
some words about the term "word", which is the main one in the paper and
should be definite. The term "word" is taken to denote the smallest
independent unit of speech susceptible of being used in isolation. Also it
is impossible to disregard the definition of the field of word-formation.
The mention about affix (suffix and prefix) word-formation in the paper is
not casual, the conversion is more productive way, in comparison with them,
because the formation of new words on conversion is possible practically
from any part of speech, including prepositions and proper names. Speaking
about the abilities to a word-formation of colourmarking adjectives, it is
necessary to note three ways, on which this process passes: The suffix,
conversion word-formation and the word addition way , though the more often
English language prefers a word combination. Also the formation of
derivative verbs on conversion is typical for the English language.
Having analysed some courses of studying the foreign language it was
interesting to find out, that the conversion is not mentioned at all there,
though, being one of the most productive ways of a word-formation, could
be a good way of updating the child’s active and passive vocabulary. Taking
into account the opportunities, which are given by the knowledge of this
way of formation the new words, it is easy to estimate a role of studying
this material at school, it is natural that the beginning of presenting
some items of this phenomenon to children is necessary to start from that
moment, as soon as the children would have the sufficient lexical base for
this purpose. It is possible to consider the third year of training as the
most successful moment for the beginning of presenting the essence of this
phenomenon to children. For confirmation of this hypothesis three
experiments were spent: ascertaining, forming and control ones, with group
of children studying the English the third year. By the purpose of all
these experiments was to establish: have the children a representation
about this phenomenon, can they acquire the offered information, is it
possible to develop the skill of using such words in their speech .
It would be desirable to note the works of some authors, which were
used in this work, such as: “English word-formation” by L. Bauer, “The
categories and types of present day word-formation” by H. Marchand, “The
word-formation abilities of colourmarking adjectives in modern German
languages” by M. Jirmunskaya.
II. Theoretical part.
The term «word».
The term «word» should be defined. It is taken to denote the smallest
independent, indivisible unit of speech, susceptible of being used in
isolation. A word may have a heavy stress, thought, some never take one.
To preceding the ‘infinitive’ never has a heavy stress, but it is a word as
it can be separated from the verbal stem by an adverb (as in to carefully
study). A composite may have two heavy stresses so long as it is not
analyzable as a syntactic group. There is a marked tendency in English to
give prefixes full stress thought they do not exist as independent words.
Indivisible composites such as arch-enemy, crypto-communist, unlucky,
therefore are morphological units whereas combination, like stone, wall,
gold watch, are syntactic groups. As for the criterion of indivisibility,
it is said that the article a is a word as IT can interpolate words between
article and substantive (a nice man, a very nice man, an exceptionally
gifted man). But a as in aglitter can’t be separated from the verb stem
with which it forms a group and therefore is not a free morpheme (word).
With regard to the criterion of usability, it must not be assumed that all
words can be used by themselves, in isolation. It is in the very nature of
determiners like the article the to be used in conjunction with the word
they determiners.
Definition of the field of word-formation.
Word-formation is that branch of the science of language which studies
the patterns on which a language forms new lexical units, i.e. words. Word-
formation can only treat of composites which are analyzable both formally
and semantically. The study of the simple words, therefore, insofar as it
is an , unmotivated sign, has no please in it. It is a lexical matter. A
composite rests on a relationship between morphemes though which it is
motivated. By this token, do-er, un-do, rain-bow are relevant to word-
formation, but do, rain, bow are not.
Conversion.
Conversion is the change in form class of a form without any
corresponding change of form. Thus the change whereby the form napalm,
which has been used exclusively as a noun, came to be as a verb (They
decided to napalm the village) is a case of conversion.
The exact status of conversion within word-formation is unclear.
For some scholars (Marchand/10/) conversion is a brunch of derivation, for
others (Koziol /Marchand/10/) it is a separate type of word-formation, on a
level with derivation and compounding. Whether this distinction has any
real effect on the structure of a theory of word-formation is not clear.
Conversion is frequently called zero-derivation, a term which many
scholars prefer (Adams, Jespersen, Marchand/1,5,8/). Most writers who use
both terms appear to use them as synonyms (although Marchand/10/ is an
exception). However, as Lyons/9/ points out, the theoretical implications
of the two are rather different. Cruber/2/, for example, argues that to
treat ordinary derivation and zero-derivation differently in the grammar is
to lose a generalization, since both involve changes of form class, but
claims that they can only by treated the same way, if a zero-affix is
permitted. Otherwise, he says, derivation can be treated as a rule-governed
process, but zero-derivation can’t be; that is, the relation between some
napalm and to napalm and other similar pairs must be, considered to be
totally coincidental Lyon’s/9/ own view (as noted by Matthews) is that in
cases of so-called zero-derivation, an identity operation can be said to
have been carried out between the base and the new lexeme. This means that
there is a process linking the two lexeme, napalm, lent that this process
defines the form of the derived lexeme as being identical to the form of
the base. This is also more or less the line taken by Matthews himself,
when he speaks of a ‘formation involving zero operation’. The theoretical
dubiousness of speaking of zero affixes in language leads Bauer/2/ to
prefer the theoretical position enshrined in the term ‘conversion’,
especially when this can be given a dynamic interpretation, and that term
will be used exclusively from now (on in this book). It should, however, be
noted that this is an area of dispute in the literature. For a
comprehensive review of the literature on conversion and a discussion of
the implication of talking in terms of zero-derivation, the reader is
referred to Pannanen.
Productivity.
Conversion is an extremely productive way of producing new words in
English. There do not appear to be morphological restrictions on the forms
can undergo conversion, so that compounds, derivatives, acronyms, blends,
clipped forms and simplex words are all acceptable inputs to the conversion
process. Similarly, all ford classes seem to be able to undergo conversion,
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