the meaning contains, which is modified in appropriate derivatives. The
nouns formed on this model, are included into the structure of various
phraseologies: out of blue - is "неожиданно". It shows the connection of
word-formation and phraseological systems of the language.
There is an interest in the cases when in a basis of phraseologies the
various colour associations lay: to fire into the brown - « стрелять мимо
цели, неметко ».
The comparison of models of an affix and affixless word-making shows,
that the distinctive attribute of the lasts is in their poly-semantic not
as in the appropriate suffix models , the most important feature is the
opportunity of being included in various phraseologies.
A(V. The typological feature of these verbs is that they include the
semas of transitivity and intransitivity in their lexical-semantic
structure and it expand the categorial semantic because of it.
The portable meanings of the colourmarking adjectives find their
reflections in the English verbs : to green « обманывать, мистифицировать
»( green « доверчивый, простодушный ».
The word addition has the wide circulation among the suffix and prefix
word-formation during the all extent of development of the language.
The number of questions are allocated from all of problems concerning
formation of complex words,: 1) the compatibility of the appropriate
colourmarking adjectives with other categories of words; 2) what element
of meaning, basic or portable, is realized there; 3) distribution of models
of complex words in the parts of speech; 4) feature of their structure and
functioning.
To typological criteria also belong: a) number of components forming a
new word; b) a way of the connection components:
· full complete;
· is incomplete combined;
· connection with the help of service words;
c) A type of the semantic connection between the components of a
complex word, which carries an attribute character in the examined models.
Complex nouns including the colourmarking adjective as one of the
components, makes out the lexical groups of words. The names of plants,
animal, minerals etc. concern to them. The complex words which in result
of metonym carry from a part on whole serve the name of an animal or plant
widely submitted among them : redbreast "малиновка". It, so-called,
"bahoovrihs". The group of words is also allocated, where the colourmarking
adjectives, combining with the name of clothes, form " bahoovrihs ", used
for calling the man: blue jacket "матрос". At the same time there is a
number of differences in еру realization of models of complex nouns and
their functioning. In the English language there are difficulties in the
differentiation of complex word from word combination. It is depend on
the nonexpressed morphological structure of the English word. Frequently
English language prefers word combinations: to look blue «выглядеть унылым
». Because of that the English language has a plenty of phraseological word
combinations including colourmarking adjectives : blue devils "хандра",
brown study « мрачное раздумье ». The increased
lexical-semantic structure with a metamorphosing of meanings is the
characteristic feature of the English complex word : blue-cap «круглая
плоская синяя шапочка (ее раньше носили в Шотландии)», «шотландцы», «лосось
первого года жизни», «синица», «василек», «сорт пива».
The basic type of a complex word is two-componented, the basic way of
connection of the components is full complete. The connection with the help
of a connecting element is not very typically for the English language.
The models of complex adjectives including colourmarking adjectives as
one of components, are present in the English language. As the basic part
of speech expressing colour shades, are the adjectives, the basic attention
is given to the appropriate complex adjectives. The English language,
besides complex words, aspires to use the word combinations, and also
derivative and radical lexemes: purple.
The formation of compound verbs on conversion is typical of the
English language: to bluestocking « быть синим чулком », to brownbag
(slang) « приносить в ресторан свою еду ». Last word is rather new, that
speaks about the role of the given tendency in a word-formation of the
English language, it is also possible the further word-making - brown –
bagger.
III. Practical part.
It is impossible to underestimate a role of studying of a word-
formation in an primary school. As the teaching of foreign language should
pass in complex, i.e. the studying English should include the basic
directions: grammar, phonetics and lexicon, the importance of studying of
word-formation aspect of lexicon becomes doubtless. The studying of
conversion, which because of the extreme productivity is one of conducting
ways of creation the new words in the English language, can become one of
the ways of updating of the child’s vocabulary . Here it should be noted
the importance of lexicon, in general, in studying of foreign language in
primary school. The lexicon should be acquired in system, therefore the
work above the child’s vocabulary should begin from the first day of
studying English and proceed during the all period of training, day-to-
day.
One of the basic principles of selection of lexicon in primary school
is the common use, i.e. the opportunity of the using in the colloquial
speech, hence, in the younger classes is not selected special lexicon as
the words for studying. The very small quantity of time is allocated for
acquaintance and training of that lexicon, which is not of a situation,
necessary for creation of a dialogue.
The plenty of time is allocated for studying of a word, acquaintance
with its meaning, its role in the sentence, in the system of language,
however items of information about its formation and opportunity of
formation new words from it are given, only if the speech goes about a word
formed suffix, seldom prefix, way of a word-formation. The words formed on
conversion, are simply showed, as two different parts of speech, that does
not give an opportunity to children itself to make words, basing on the
knowledge of this way of a word-formation. For comprehension of importance
of this aspect of language it is necessary to address to a psychological
linguistic nature of lexicon. You see in psychology the word is the complex
activator, for example, at perception and understanding of oral and written
speech, this complex speech action (at expression of thoughts). At
understanding of a word the acoustical and visual analyzers will be
involved, and this integrated approach promotes the best mastering. The
dialogue in foreign language is rather difficult activity for the child. It
occurs that, first, for the younger schoolboy it is much easier to
communicate on the native language much and it is not clearly, why he
should express in English, secondly, for this purpose it is necessary to
make rather difficult mental operation - to choose the words, suitable on
sense, from the vocabulary to construct the sentence grammatically
correctly, observing thus the words order , i.e. to do so that to be
understood. Becomes obvious, that the updating of the child’s vocabulary
is one of the basic problem for the teacher, you see the word is a basic
minimal unit of any language.
The studying of conversion, as one of ways of a word-formation, will
help to do the child‘s vocabulary more rich, to make his speech more
expressive, and also to fill up passive and active vocabulary, by means of
formation the new words himself. Now, reading, for example, a book, it
will not be necessary to him to look for a word formed on conversion, in
the dictionary, but to define its meaning, using the knowledge of this
phenomenon of language. Especially, the nouns and verbs formed from
adjectives of a colourmarking by this way, are included into structure of
various phraseologies, where carry more often portable meaning.
Some courses, foreign and Russian were analysed, where English is
taught, as foreign language. It is interesting to note, that the word-
formation is not studied neither in primary, nor in secondary school,
however, it is possible to find some items concerning this aspect of
lexicon. Courses: Russian (English by Vereshchagina, Pretykina and Learning
English by Skulta) and foreign (Magic Time and Hot Line by Tom Hutchinson)
have various methodical base, usually it is: some text books, teacher's
book, reading book , active book, audio cassettes. There is not any word
about conversion in this courses, however, words formed in this way are
given simply as different parts of speech, and the connection between them
is not explained.
With the purpose of revealing a level of children’s knowledge about
a conversion word-formation the ascertaining experiment was done, where
children were offered to do the following task (see appendix 1). Every
pupil have received individual card, in which a number of pairs sentences
on English with translation and the missed words was given. The list of
words was located below, from which it was necessary to choose a word,
suitable on sense, and to insert it into the appropriate sentence. In 10
minutes the works were gathered. (Results of experiment see appendix 7,
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