vergrosser-n; er-kalt-en, er-leichter-n; be-end-ig-en, be-herz-ig-en, ver-
eid-ig-en have no counterparts in English. English be- has never played a
serious role in denominal derivation. Nor has the type em-bed ever become
productive to any larger extent. The productivity of the type loan verb f.
Loan substantive seems to be thus reasonably for. The deverbal type look
substantive f. Look verb has been less prolific and is partly bound up with
certain syntactic patterns of grouping. For this, it is do had competitive
patterns. There are the suffixal types arriv-al, break-ade, guid-ance,
improve-ment, organiz-ation and the verbal substantive type writ-ing though
the latter has now chiefly role of deriving action nouns proper. This is
the reason why so many zero-derivatives from verbs of Latin and French
origin, coined the 15th and 16th centuries, were subsequently replaced by
suffixal derivatives in -al, -age, -ance, ment. «After 1650 the suffix
formation have completely gained the upper hand of the direct conversion of
the disyllabic and trisyllabic words derived from French and Latin
verbs»(Biese/4/).
Zero-derivation with loan-words.
As for Latin and French words and derivation from, there are
comparatively few derivatives before (Biese/4/). French words were for some
time felt to be foreign elements and were not «converted» with the same
ease as native stems were. The phenomenon is in no way different from the
one it is observed with derivation by suffixes. Loan words remain strangers
for a time, and it usually takes time before a derivation type is applied
to a heterogeneous class of words. Zero - derivation was facilitated by the
eo-existence of borrowed substantives and verbs., as anchor substantive a
880 (=L) / anchor verb e 1230 (the OED has doubts, but F ancrer is recorded
in the 12th e., as Bloeh ). Account substantive 1260/verb 1303, change
substantive 1225/verb 1230, charge substantive 1225/verb 1297, cry
substantive 1275/verb 1225, dance substantive 1300/verb 1300, double
adjective 1225/verb 1290, doubt substantive 1225/verb 1225, poison
substantive 1230/verb 13.., rule substantive 1225/verb 1225.
There are quite a few verbs with French roods for which no French
verbs are recorded and which may accordingly be treated as zero
derivatives: feeble verb 1225/adjective 1175, hardy verb 1225/adjective
1225, master verb 1225/substantive a 1000, pool verb 1275/adjective 1200,
saint verb 1225/substantive 1175. On the other hand, the substantive grant
1225 may be derived from the verb grant 1225. It is only after 1300 that
the process of zero-derivation is as firmly rooted with French as with
native words. Though French originals for later English words may occur, it
is just as safe to consider them as derivatives, as centre verb 1610 fr,
centre substantive 1374, combat verb 1564 fr, combat substantive 1567 (or
the reverse), guard verb 1500 fr, guard substantive 1426 and others.
Words of Scandinavian origin were more easily incorporated than French
words, and derivation occurs as early as the 13th c.: trist «trust», boon
«ask as a boon, pray for», brod «shoot, sprout», smithy «make into a
smithy» a.o. (see Biese /4/).
The illustration of various types.
Type loan verb fr. loan substantive
(desubstantival verbs.)
Many PE verbs. go back to OE : answer (andsharu / andswarian), blossom
(blostm / blostnian), claw (clawu / clawian), fish (fisc / fiscian), fire
(fyr / fytian), harm (hearm / hearmian),wonder (wundor / wundrian), bill
«strike with the bill, peck», ground «bring to the ground», loan (1240),
back (OE), butter (OE), experiment (ME), lamb (OE), night (OE), piece (ME),
pit «cart into a pit»(OE), plank (ME), plate (ME), plow, plough (OE),
plague (ME), priest (OE), promise (ME), prose (ME), ridge (OE), rivet (ME),
rode (ME), root (EME), sack (OE), sauce «season» (ME), scale (ME), screen
(ME), shoulder (OE), side (OE), silver (OE), sponge (OE), spot (ME), story
(ME), streak (OE), summer (OE), table (ME), thong (OE), tin (OE), veil
(ME), winter (OE), all before 1500.
Angle «run into a corner» (ME), balance (ME), butcher (ME), cipher
(ME), cloister (ME), coffin (ME), collar (ME), colt «run wild as a colt»
(ME), cipher (ME), fancy (1465), fin (OE), gesture (ME), girdle (OE), glove
(OE), gossip (OE), grade (1511), husk (ME), kennel (ME), knob (ME), ladle
(OE), latch (ME), launder (ME), lecture (ME), libel (ME), mother (OE),
neighbor (OE), place (ME), pole (ME), riddle «speak in riddles» (OE), shell
(OE), shop (ME), star (OE), stomach «be offended» (ME), sun (OE), vision
(ME), all 16th century blanket (ME), casket (1467), lamp (ME), leaf (OE),
pilot (1530), race «run» (ME), soldier (ME), all 17th century Capture
(1541), diamond (ME), onion (ME), stocking (1583), tour (ME), all 18th
century Scrimmage (1470), shin (OE), signal (ME), torpedo (1520), vacation
(ME), wolf «eat like a wolf» (OE), 19th century, major 1927.
It would be difficult to give a complete list of derivatives as there
is an ever growing tendency verbs from substantives without derivative
morphemes. A few recent are service, contact (1929), audition, debut,
package, chairman, page, date (1928), process (1945), waitress (1946),
pressure (not in OED or Spl.), feature (rec., as in the play features).
Mencken/11/ gives many more, most of which are, however, hardly used.
It is likewise useless to try a classification to sense-groups, as
there is no class-denoting formative. The verb may denote almost any verbal
action connected with the basis of the underlying substantive. The verb bed
has or has had the meanings «spread a bed», «put to bed» (with various
implications), «go to bed», «sleep with», and there are more technical
meanings. Bladin/5/ had already pointed out that «every action or
occurrence can be designated by a verb derived from the very noun the idea
of which most easily enters the mind of the person wanting to state a
fact», and if Jespersen/7/ says that «it is difficult to give a general
definition of the sense-relation between substantive and de-substantival
verbs», this is rather an understatement. It may be recognized certain
groups, as «put in ...», «furnish, cover, affect ...», but it should be
noted that each of these senses is only one the many which the same verb
has or may have. Biese/4/, therefore, makes no attempt at classification,
and he is certainly right in doing so. It may, however, be worthy of note
that the privative sense as in dust «remove the dust (from)» is frequent
only with technical terms denoting various kinds of dressing or cleaning.
Exs are bur wool or cotton, burl cloth, poll, pollard trees, bone, gut,
scale fish.
The meaning of a certain verb is clear in a certain speech situation.
That brain means «smash the b.»,can «preserve in cans», winter «pass the
winter», is a result of given circumstances which establish the bridge of
understanding between the speaker and the person or persons spoken to.
There are derivatives from proper names, as boycott 1880 (orig. spelt
with a capital, from the name of Captain Boycott who was first boycotted),
Shanghay 1871 ‘drug and press on board a vessel’, Zeppelin 1916 ‘bomb from
a zeppelin’ (also clipped = zap).
Some verbs often occur in the -ing substantive only (originally or
chiefly), while finite verb forms or infinitives are not or rarely used, as
hornpiping ‘dancing a hornpipe’ (no verb rec.), slimming, orcharding
‘cultivation of fruit trees (no verb rec.). Dialling ‘the art of
construction dials’, speeching, electioneering, engineering,
parlamenteering, volunteering are the original forms. Converted cpds with
-monger for a second-word are current only in the -ing form (merit-
mongering, money-mongering etc.). Innings are not matched by any other verb
form, nor are cocking ‘cock-fighting’, hopping ‘hop-picking’, moon-shining
‘illicit distilling’ and others.
Type idle verb fr. idle adjective. (deadjectival verbs).
To the OE period go back bitter, busy, cool, fair, fat, light, open,
right, yellow (obs black, bright, dead, strong, old).
From the period between about 1150 and 1200 are recorded obs sick
‘suffer illness’, soft, low (obs meek, hory, hale). The following date
from the period between about 1200 and 1300 (Biese/4/ has included the
Cursor Mundi in this period): black, brown, loose, slight, better, blind
(obs hardly, certain, rich, wide, broad, less). From the 14th century are
recorded ready, clear, grey, sore, pale, full, dull, round, gentle,
English, tender, perfect (obs able, sound, weak, unable, honest, noble).
From the 15th century purple, stale, clean, from the 16th century shallow,
slow, quiet, empty, bloody, idle, equal, dirty, parallel (and many other
now obs words, as Biese/4/ points out). The 17th century coined crimson,
giddy, worst, blue, gallant, shy, tense, ridicule, unfit, ruddy (and many
how obs words. Biese/4/). From 18th century Are recorded net ‘gain as a net
sum’ 1758, total (once 1716, then 1859), negative, northern (said of
landscape), invalid ‘enter on the sick-list’, queer ‘cheat’ , from the
19th century desperate ‘drive desperate’, stubborn, sly ‘move in a
stealthy manner’, chirk ‘make cheerful’, gross ‘make a gross profit’
1884, southern (said of wind), aeriform, true. From our century there are
such words as pretty, wise, lethal, big.
Usually, deadjectival verbs denote change of state, and the meaning is
Страницы: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
